<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5729706317680322816</id><updated>2011-11-28T05:01:52.416+05:30</updated><title type='text'>കൈപ്പിഴ</title><subtitle type='html'></subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://kaippizha.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5729706317680322816/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://kaippizha.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>SoorajmalayattiL</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01237437755053554836</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='30' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_-UN0cVOcDgc/TAFOYJQL4cI/AAAAAAAAAhc/HYr5Sk966TM/S220/soorajmalayattil.jpg'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>14</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5729706317680322816.post-8193789373857007562</id><published>2010-05-29T22:50:00.002+05:30</published><updated>2010-05-29T22:50:38.839+05:30</updated><title type='text'>പോക്കെരുടെ സ്വത്വവും രാഷ്ട്രീയവും.</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span lang="ML" style="font-family: Kartika, serif;"&gt;എന്ത് കൊണ്ടാണ് നമുക്ക്‌ ഇപ്പോള്‍ സ്വത്വ രാഷ്ട്രീയത്തെക്കുറിച്ച് സംസാരിക്കേണ്ടി വരുന്നത്? അത് കഴിഞ്ഞ ദിവസത്തെ ന്യൂസ്‌ ഹവര്‍ കണ്ടത് കൊണ്ട് മാത്രമല്ല. കെ ഇ എന്‍ പറഞ്ഞ കുറച്ചു വാചകങ്ങളുടെ പിന്തുടര്ച്ചയും അല്ല. തീര്‍ച്ചയായും കേരളത്തിലെ ഇപ്പോളത്തെ രാഷ്ട്രീയ സന്ദര്‍ഭത്തില്‍ സ്വത്വ രാഷ്ട്രീയം പ്രസക്തമായ ഒരു വിഷയമാണ് എന്നത് കൊണ്ടാണ്. ഭരിക്കുന്ന സി പി ഐ എം വ്യക്തമാക്കേണ്ട വസ്തുത അവര്‍ സ്വത്വ രാഷ്ട്രീയത്തെ ആണോ അതോ വര്‍ഗ രാഷ്ട്രീയത്തെ ആണോ പിന്തുണക്കുന്നത് എന്നതാണ്. അതിനുള്ള ബാധ്യത അവര്‍ക്കുണ്ട്. പേരില്‍ ഇടതുപക്ഷം എന്ന് ചേര്‍ത്തിരിക്കുന്നത് അവരുടെ സ്വത്വം വ്യക്തമാക്കുന്നതാണോ അതോ ഒരു വര്‍ഗ്ഗത്തിന്റെ പിന്തുണയോ എന്ന സംശയം അണികളില്‍ പോലും ഭീതീതമായി വളര്‍ന്നിരിക്കുന്നു എന്നത് വിഷയത്തിന്റെ പ്രാധാന്യം വ്യക്തമാക്കുന്നു.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span lang="ML" style="font-family: Kartika, serif;"&gt;പി കെ പോക്കെര്‍ക്ക് സ്വത്വതെക്കുരിച്ചു പറയാന്‍ ഒന്നുമില്ല എന്നതു കൊണ്ട് ഏഷ്യാനെറ്റ്‌ ന്യൂസില്‍ നടന്ന ചര്‍ച്ചയിലേക്ക് തന്റെ വ്യക്തിപരമായ കാര്യങ്ങള്‍ വലിച്ചിഴക്കുന്നത് സന്ദര്‍ഭോചിതം ആയിരുന്നോ?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Kartika, serif;"&gt;രാജീവുമായി എന്തങ്കിലും പ്രശ്നങ്ങളുണ്ടെങ്കില്‍ അത് സ്വകാര്യമായി തീര്‍ക്കുന്നതിനു പകരം ഒരു പൊതു പരിപാടി അലങ്കൊലപ്പെടുതെണ്ട ആവസ്യമുണ്ടായിരുന്നോ? കഴിഞ്ഞ അറുപതു വര്‍ഷമായി ജനാധിപത്യത്തിന്‍ കീഴില്‍ നാം അനുഭവിക്കുന്ന വ്യക്തി സ്വാതന്ത്ര്യം അനുവദിക്കുന്ന അഭിപ്രായ സ്വാതന്ത്ര്യം മാത്രമേ രാജീവ്‌ പ്രയോഗിചിട്ടുള്ളൂ തന്റെ ലേഖനത്തെ വിമര്‍ശിക്കാന്‍ (ഒരു ജന പ്രതിനിധിയും സി പി ഐ എം സംസ്ഥാന കമ്മിറ്റി അംഗവും ആണ് എന്നോര്‍ക്കുക) രാജീവ്‌ ആരാണ് എന്ന് പോക്കെര്‍ ചോദിക്കുമ്പോള്‍ ഒന്നെങ്കില്‍ പോക്കെരിനു കമ്മ്യൂണിസ്റ്റ്‌ പാര്‍ട്ടി എന്താണ് എന്നറിയില്ല അല്ലെങ്കില്‍ ഒരു തനി മലപ്പുറം മാപ്പിള ആയി ജനിച്ചതിന്റെ പാരമ്പര്യം അയാള്‍ പുറത്തെടുക്കുകയാണ്. ഇ എം എസിന്റെ സ്വത്വ രാഷ്ട്രീയ ലേഖനത്തെ കുറിച്ച് ആസാദ്‌ പറയുമ്പോള്‍ അന്ന് ആസാദ്‌ ജനിച്ചിട്ടില്ല എന്നു ചൂണ്ടിക്കാണിക്കുന്ന പോക്കെര്‍ മാര്‍ക്സിന്റെ കാലത്ത് ജനിചിട്ടാണോ മാര്‍ക്സിസം പഠിച്ചതെന്ന് വ്യക്തമാക്കണം.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Kartika, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Kartika, serif;"&gt;രണ്ടായിരമാണ്ടില്‍ ഒരു വാരാന്ത്യത്തില്‍ ശ്രി. ബാലചന്ദ്രന്‍ ചുള്ളിക്കാട് എഴുതി, 'എം എന്‍ വിജയന്‍ മാഷ്‌ ചൂണ്ടിക്കാണിക്കുന്ന ആശയങ്ങള്‍ മുന്‍പ് കാമ്പസിലെ നക്സലൈറ്റുകള്‍&amp;nbsp;എഴുപതുകളില്‍ തന്നെ പറഞ്ഞുകൊണ്ടിരുന്നവയാണ്'. ചുള്ളിക്കാടെ, പഴയ നക്സലൈറ്റുകള്‍ വര്‍ഗ രാഷ്ട്രീയത്തെക്കുറിച്ച് മുന്നോട്ടു വച്ച ആശയങ്ങള്‍ ഇന്നത്തെ കാലത്ത് പ്രായോഗികമാണോ? ഏതെന്കിലും ദളിതന്‍ എനിക്ക് എസ് സിയുടെ ഗുണങ്ങള്‍ വേണ്ട എന്ന് പറയാന്‍ ഇന്ന് ഒരുങ്ങുമോ? വിജയന്‍ മാഷ്‌ ഇന്നും അന്ഗീകരിക്കപ്പെടുന്നു എങ്കില്‍ അദ്ധേഹത്തിന്റെ ആശയങ്ങള്‍ അപ്രായോഗികമായിരിക്കുമോ?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Kartika, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Kartika, serif;"&gt;വര്‍ഗ രാഷ്ട്രീയം വരണം എന്ന കാഴ്ചപ്പാട്‌ പണ്ടേ നമ്മള്‍ അന്ഗീകരിച്ചതാണ്. ആയിരം കഷണങ്ങള്‍ ആയിരുന്ന ജാതി വിഭാഗങ്ങള്‍ അന്ച്ചോ ആറോ ആയി ഒതുങ്ങിയത് നേരത്തെ നടപ്പിലാക്കിയ ചില അജണ്ടകള്‍ കാരണം തന്നെ ആണ്. അവ ഹിഡന്‍ അജെന്ടകള്‍ അല്ല. മറിച്ച് വരും കാലം കൂട്ടിചെര്‍ക്കലുകള്‍ വഴി അവ വീണ്ടും ഇല്ലാതായി മനുഷ്യന്‍ എന്ന ഒരേ ഒരു വര്‍ഗം ആയി മാറണം എന്ന കാഴ്ചപ്പാടുകള്‍ ആയിരുന്നു. ഇന്ന് ആ അജണ്ടകള്‍ ചത്ത്‌ പോയിരിക്കുന്നു. എന്തിനും ഏതിനും ജാതി ചോദിക്കുന്ന സംസ്കാരം വളര്‍ന്നു വരുന്നത് കാണണം. എസ് സി ആയി ജനിച്ചാല്‍ മതിയായിരുന്നു എന്ന് വിധ്യാര്‍ത്ഥികളെ കൊണ്ട് പോലും ചിന്തിപ്പിക്കുന്ന ഒരു സമ്പ്രദായം ആദ്യം എടുതോഴിവാക്കെണ്ടതുണ്ട്, എങ്കിലും വരുമാന പരിധിക്കകത്ത് എല്ലാ അടിസ്ഥാന സൌകര്യങ്ങളും എല്ലാവര്ക്കും ലഭ്യമാകുന്നത് ഉറപ്പു വരുത്തുകയും വേണം. ഗള്‍ഫുകാരന് കൂലിപ്പണി ആണ് എന്ന് കാണിക്കാന്‍ സൌകര്യമുള്ള ഒരു റേഷന്‍ സമ്പ്രദായം നമുക്ക് വേണോ?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Kartika, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Kartika, serif;"&gt;സ്വത്വ രാഷ്ട്രീയത്തെ ത്വജിക്കണം എന്ന് ഒരു പു.ക.സക്കാരന്‍ പറയുമ്പോള്‍ പൊള്ളാന്‍ മാത്രം എന്താണ് പാര്‍ട്ടിക്ക്‌ പ്രശ്നം? തൊഴിലാളി വര്‍ഗ പാര്‍ട്ടി എന്ന് പ്രച്ചരിപ്പിക്കുംബോളും വോട്ടുബാങ്ക് രാഷ്ട്രീയം മാത്രം ഉന്നം വക്കുന്നത് കൊണ്ട് പാര്‍ട്ടിക്ക്‌ ഏതു രീതിയിലായാലും 'സ്വത്വം' ഇല്ലാതായിട്ടുണ്ട് എന്നതാണ് യാഥാര്‍ത്ഥ്യം. പുകാസയടക്കമുള്ള പാര്‍ട്ടി കൈവഴികളും പാര്‍ട്ടി തന്നെയും കഴിഞ്ഞ പത്തു വര്‍ഷക്കാലം ചര്‍ച്ച ചെയ്ത സ്വത്വ രാഷ്ട്രീയം എന്താണെന്നും സ്വത്വ രാഷ്ട്രീയത്തെക്കുറിച്ചും വര്‍ഗ രാഷ്ട്രീയതെക്കുരിച്ചും പാര്‍ട്ടിയുടെ അഭിപ്രായം എന്താണെന്നും സാധാരണക്കാരനെ ധരിപ്പിക്കാന്‍ പാര്‍ട്ടിക്ക്‌ സാധിച്ചിട്ടില്ല. വ്യക്തമായ രേഖകള്‍ പാര്‍ട്ടി പുരപ്പെടുവിക്കാതിടത്തോളം അണികള്‍ വ്യാകുലരാനു താനും. പോക്കരടക്കമുള്ളവര്‍ പാര്‍ട്ടി യുടെ നിലപാടുകള്‍ കണ്ടല്ല കസേരകള്‍ കണ്ടാണ് പിന്താങ്ങുന്നത് എന്ന് വ്യക്തമാക്ക്കാന്‍ കൂടുതല്‍ തെളിവുകള്‍ ഇനിയും വേണോ?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5729706317680322816-8193789373857007562?l=kaippizha.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://kaippizha.blogspot.com/feeds/8193789373857007562/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://kaippizha.blogspot.com/2010/05/blog-post_29.html#comment-form' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5729706317680322816/posts/default/8193789373857007562'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5729706317680322816/posts/default/8193789373857007562'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://kaippizha.blogspot.com/2010/05/blog-post_29.html' title='പോക്കെരുടെ സ്വത്വവും രാഷ്ട്രീയവും.'/><author><name>SoorajmalayattiL</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01237437755053554836</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='30' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_-UN0cVOcDgc/TAFOYJQL4cI/AAAAAAAAAhc/HYr5Sk966TM/S220/soorajmalayattil.jpg'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5729706317680322816.post-809865185699455170</id><published>2010-05-19T07:31:00.002+05:30</published><updated>2010-05-19T07:37:28.041+05:30</updated><title type='text'>The Crisis of Indian Left and prospects of future</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .2in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"&gt;A paper presented by &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"&gt;Mangat Ram Pasla&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"&gt;, State Secretary,CPIM(Punjab at &amp;nbsp;the All India Seminar organized by the Left Co-ordination Committee at Calicut on 14&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; May 2010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_-UN0cVOcDgc/S_NGZZCWIFI/AAAAAAAAAc4/snRtXwKF_Zk/s1600/100_5810.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="300" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_-UN0cVOcDgc/S_NGZZCWIFI/AAAAAAAAAc4/snRtXwKF_Zk/s400/100_5810.JPG" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .2in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .2in;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .2in;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"&gt;It is&amp;nbsp; a hard reality that, despite a long history of supreme secrifices and several blood soaked struggles, the Left&amp;nbsp; in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:country-region w:st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st="on"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"&gt;India&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"&gt;, to-day, is unable to throw a serious challenge to the authority and regime of Indian Bourgeoise, to whome the state power was transfered by the Britishers in 1947. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .2in;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"&gt;It is also a well known fact that despite some tactical mistakes committed by the Communists here and there, during the struggle for independence, the heroic contribution of the communists in this struggle remains to be highly commendable. The Communist Party of India remained legally banned for a long period and its leaders and cadres were persecuted severelly for years to-gather.Facing all types of repression at the hands of imperialists the Party played a glorious role in mobilisig the masses against the colonial slavery. Alongwith this, the CPI also did a great service in organising the workers, peasants and other downtrodden masses for the revolutionary transformation of the Indian society. In this context, among others, the heroic struggle of Telengana against feudal landlordism will be remembered for ever. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .2in;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"&gt;However the initial failure of the Party in assessing the outcome of independence struggle as well as the import of power transfer in 1947, derailed the Left movement in the country, leading it towards left sectarian opportunism. Confusion pervailed and adventurist political positions were adopted by the then leadership. But the mistake was soon realised and some good efforts were made to correct the same with the help of soviet leadership. Howevre, the differences again erupted and the the dominating leadership of the party deviated towards the class-collaborationist positions. The situation deteriorated to such an extent that the movement was vertically disrupted in the country as a whole. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .2in;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"&gt;After the 1964 split, the left movement, under the banner of CPI (M), again gained momentum. It attracted the working masses and effectivly overcame the Naxalite disruption of 1967. The CPI. led Right Opportunism was badly exposed during the Emergency and left forces consolidated themselves at several places, especially in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st="on"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"&gt;West Bengal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"&gt;, Kerala and Tripura. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .2in;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"&gt;However this revolutionary momentum could not be maintained for long and, as a whole, the left movement continued to remain weak in a wide portion of the country, especially in Hindi heartland. In the due course the genuine left movement led by CPI (M) fell victim to the most dangerous deviation of parliamentry opportunism and at present, it is completely confused and is in the process of disarray. Alongside this fatal right revisionist trend, the left adventurism, under the various shades of naxalism is also playing their disruptive role. The parliamentry opportunism, however, is the dominating malady, mainly responsible for the present deplorable state of the left movement. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .2in;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"&gt;Under the impact of this deviation of parliamentrism, the fundamental principles of &lt;br /&gt;Marxism are being conciously diluted or abrogated to justify the right revisionist practice. For example the fundamental principle of constant and continuous class struggle, carried on under all circumstancess, is being overshadowed by class-collaboration in practice. The revolutionary perspective is being thrown over board, and it is being preached both overtly and covertly that in this era of imperialist globalisation all the problems being faced by the working class can be setteled within this very system. Thus the basic concept of intensification of class struggle to transform the society is being diluted. Similarly under the impact of this deviation, instead of uitilising the Bourgeoise Democracy for the development of class struggle and to strengthen the class and mass organisations, these right revisionists are giving an impression that democracy is the final goal of all the activities of the left movement. Further, their theoretical-political deviations are telling upon the organisational principles also and all the characteristics of Leninist principles of Party organisation such as democratic-centralism, criticism and self-criticism, semi under ground functioning and requirments pertaining to communist morality, are being bade good-bye, one after the other. In addition to this, the unprincipled compromises being made by the revisionist political outfits with the bourgeoise parties are leading the country towards two-party (two combinations) political system. This tectical line is also strengthening the communal and other right reactionary forces and is thus creating extra hurdels for the development of left movement. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .2in;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"&gt;Hence, under these circumstances, the left movement will have to overcome both these deviations, so as to play a real revolutionary role in the country. At present, the political scenario pertaining the left is really very dismal. On the one hand, a good section of the left forces, led by CPI (M), is daily falling deeper and deeper into the quagmire of parliamentary illusions. And on the other hand, CPI (Maoist) leaders are bent upon sticking to their sectarianism and have fallen a prey to adventurist line. Both of these lines are alien to the revolutionary science of social transformation i.e. Marxism-Leninism, and are a big source of confusion for the revolutionary masses of our country. Therefore the historic necessity of the hour is to project the correct ideological-political line in an effective and convincing manner. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .2in;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"&gt;On the other hand, the objective situation for the development of the Left movement in our country is very favourable. Internationally, with the advent of current global meltdown, the ideological offensive of the capitalist-reactionaries, unleashed after the collapse of soviet union, has completely gone down. Rather, it has now become defensive, as it has again been proved that capitalism can never be crisis free. Such an idelogical-political situation can be utilised by the left forces to advance their revolutionary cause, both ideologically as well as politically. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"&gt;Nationally, the on going neo-liberal policies being persued by the Indian ruling classes, are creating wide spread resentment amongst the Indian working masses. The monopoly class in the country has integrated all its interests with those of the imperialists to such an extent that the country has become a hunting ground for both these anti-people forces. Thus the contradiction between the Indian ruling classes and Indian masses has aggravated speadily. The masses are being deprived of the rights and privileges, earned by them so far through hard struggles. Such a situation demands forceful intervention of the left for the amelioration of the fast deteriorating living conditions of the people. For this purpose a correct combination of extra-parliamentary and parliamentry struggles is needed to mobilise the masses in a bigway. Infact the massive mobilisation of the working masses is the key to overcome the present dismal situation of the left. Although relying on the extra parliamentry struggles is the only effective approch for changing the present adverse co-relation of class forces in favour of the working class, yet the parliamentry struggles can also be utilised to expose all types of the maneovers being played by the ruling classes to deceive and disrupt the masses. It can also be utilised to oppose and expose the undemocratic and repressive attacks of the government upon the struggling masses. Thus, in the present siuation, the unleashing of mass struggles, while remaining fully vigilant against both parliamentry illusions as well as adventurist short-cuts is the prime need of the hour. Such an approach also demands unification of the Left contingents for undertaking the countrywide mass struggles on the immediate and burning problems of the people. Such struggles will also help in developing a congenial atmosphere for ideological and political unification of the Left. We hope that with such sustained efforts the Left movement in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:country-region w:st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st="on"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"&gt;India&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"&gt; is destined to invariably rise to the position of playing the historic role, it is supposed to play.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5729706317680322816-809865185699455170?l=kaippizha.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://kaippizha.blogspot.com/feeds/809865185699455170/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://kaippizha.blogspot.com/2010/05/crisis-of-indian-left-and-prospects-of.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5729706317680322816/posts/default/809865185699455170'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5729706317680322816/posts/default/809865185699455170'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://kaippizha.blogspot.com/2010/05/crisis-of-indian-left-and-prospects-of.html' title='The Crisis of Indian Left and prospects of future'/><author><name>SoorajmalayattiL</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01237437755053554836</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='30' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_-UN0cVOcDgc/TAFOYJQL4cI/AAAAAAAAAhc/HYr5Sk966TM/S220/soorajmalayattil.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_-UN0cVOcDgc/S_NGZZCWIFI/AAAAAAAAAc4/snRtXwKF_Zk/s72-c/100_5810.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5729706317680322816.post-3886359987229335068</id><published>2010-05-05T07:11:00.000+05:30</published><updated>2010-05-05T07:11:19.770+05:30</updated><title type='text'>ഒരാവര്‍ത്തി വായിക്കുക</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;"അരയും തലയും മുറുക്കി ഇറങ്ങുക " എന്നുള്ളത് ലക്‌ഷ്യം കാണാന്‍ തീരുമാനിച്ചുള്ള&amp;nbsp;ഉറച്ച രീതിയാണ്. തിലകന്റെ 'കൂളിംഗ് ഗ്ലാസ് &amp;nbsp;ധരിക്കുന്ന' നടന്‍ മമ്മൂട്ടി ആണെന്ന് തീരുമാനിച്ചത് ഞാനോ നിങ്ങളോ അല്ല മാധ്യമങ്ങളാണ്. പഴയ വിനയന്‍-ദിലീപ് വണ്ടിചെക്ക് പ്രശ്നവും, പുതിയ തിലകന്‍-ദിലീപ് അഡ്വാന്‍സ് തുക പ്രശ്നവും ഗോപാലകൃഷ്ണന്റെ മായാ ലീലകളില്‍ മുങ്ങിപ്പോകുകയും മമ്മൂട്ടി ഫാന്‍സിനു പുതിയ തലവേദന ഉണ്ടാകുകയും ചെയ്തപ്പോള്‍ ഏതോ പാര്‍ട്ടി മുതലാളിക്ക് തോന്നിയ തിരിഞ്ഞ വിദ്യയില്‍ അഴീക്കോട്‌-മോഹന്‍ലാല്‍ പ്രശ്നങ്ങള്‍ ഉരുത്തിരിയുകയും 'അമ്മാവന്‍' പ്രതിസന്ധിയില്‍ ചെളിവാരിയേര് മൂര്ചിക്കുകയും ചെയ്തതും നാം കണ്ടത് മാധ്യമങ്ങളിലൂടെ ആണ്.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;പിന്കുറിപ്പ്:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;'അമ്മായിയമ്മ' ഒരസ്ലീലം അല്ല എങ്കില്‍ 'അമ്മാവന്‍' അസ്ലീലമേ&amp;nbsp;അല്ല&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5729706317680322816-3886359987229335068?l=kaippizha.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://kaippizha.blogspot.com/feeds/3886359987229335068/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://kaippizha.blogspot.com/2010/05/blog-post.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5729706317680322816/posts/default/3886359987229335068'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5729706317680322816/posts/default/3886359987229335068'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://kaippizha.blogspot.com/2010/05/blog-post.html' title='ഒരാവര്‍ത്തി വായിക്കുക'/><author><name>SoorajmalayattiL</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01237437755053554836</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='30' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_-UN0cVOcDgc/TAFOYJQL4cI/AAAAAAAAAhc/HYr5Sk966TM/S220/soorajmalayattil.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5729706317680322816.post-2718951086462443765</id><published>2010-02-27T22:20:00.000+05:30</published><updated>2010-09-02T20:56:30.922+05:30</updated><title type='text'>Kyoto Protocol</title><content type='html'>&lt;h1 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal;"&gt;Participation in the Kyoto Protocol, as of June 2009, where dark green indicates the countries that have signed and ratified the treaty, grey is not yet decided and red is no intention to ratify.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;The &lt;b&gt;Kyoto Protocol&lt;/b&gt; is a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocol_%28diplomacy%29" title="Protocol (diplomacy)"&gt;protocol&lt;/a&gt; to the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change"&gt;United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change&lt;/a&gt; (UNFCCC or FCCC), aimed at combating &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming" title="Global warming"&gt;global warming&lt;/a&gt;. The UNFCCC is an international &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_policy" title="Environmental policy"&gt;environmental&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty"&gt;treaty&lt;/a&gt; with the goal of achieving "stabilization of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas"&gt;greenhouse gas&lt;/a&gt; concentrations in the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere"&gt;atmosphere&lt;/a&gt; at a level that would prevent &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming" title="Global warming"&gt;dangerous anthropogenic interference&lt;/a&gt; with the climate system.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;The Protocol was initially adopted on 11 December 1997 in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto"&gt;Kyoto&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"&gt;Japan&lt;/a&gt; and entered into force on 16 February 2005. As of November 2009, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kyoto_Protocol_signatories" title="List of Kyoto Protocol signatories"&gt;187 states have signed and ratified&lt;/a&gt; the protocol.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol#cite_note-Kyoto-PDF-unfccc-1"&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;Under the Protocol, 37 industrialized countries (called "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change#Annex_I_countries" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change"&gt;Annex I countries&lt;/a&gt;") commit themselves to a reduction of four greenhouse gases (GHG) (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide"&gt;carbon dioxide&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane" title="Methane"&gt;methane&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide"&gt;nitrous oxide&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulphur_hexafluoride" title="Sulphur hexafluoride"&gt;sulphur hexafluoride&lt;/a&gt;) and two groups of gases (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrofluorocarbon" title="Hydrofluorocarbon"&gt;hydrofluorocarbons&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfluorocarbon" title="Perfluorocarbon"&gt;perfluorocarbons&lt;/a&gt;) produced by them, and all member countries give general commitments. Annex I countries agreed to reduce their collective greenhouse gas emissions by 5.2% from the 1990 level. Emission limits do not include emissions by international aviation and shipping, but are in addition to the industrial gases, chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs, which are dealt with under the 1987 &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Protocol_on_Substances_that_Deplete_the_Ozone_Layer" title="Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer"&gt;Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;The benchmark 1990 emission levels were accepted by the Conference of the Parties of UNFCCC (decision 2/CP.3) &lt;a href="http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/cop3/07a01.pdf#page=31"&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt; were the values of "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential"&gt;global warming potential&lt;/a&gt;" calculated for the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Second_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Second Assessment Report"&gt;IPCC Second Assessment Report&lt;/a&gt;. These figures are used for converting the various greenhouse gas emissions into comparable &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co2e" title="Co2e"&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; equivalents&lt;/a&gt; when computing overall sources and sinks.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;The Protocol allows for several "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexible_mechanisms" title="Flexible mechanisms"&gt;flexible mechanisms&lt;/a&gt;", such as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading"&gt;emissions trading&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_development_mechanism" title="Clean development mechanism"&gt;clean development mechanism&lt;/a&gt; (CDM) and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_implementation" title="Joint implementation"&gt;joint implementation&lt;/a&gt; to allow &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change#Annex_I_countries" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change"&gt;Annex I countries&lt;/a&gt; to meet their GHG emission limitations by purchasing GHG emission reductions credits from elsewhere, through financial exchanges, projects that reduce emissions in non-Annex I countries, from other Annex I countries, or from annex I countries with excess allowances.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;Each Annex I country is required to submit an annual report of inventories of all anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions from sources and removals from sinks under UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol. These countries nominate a person (called a "designated national authority") to create and manage its &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_inventory" title="Greenhouse gas inventory"&gt;greenhouse gas inventory&lt;/a&gt;. Countries including &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"&gt;Japan&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"&gt;Canada&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"&gt;Italy&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"&gt;Netherlands&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"&gt;Germany&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France"&gt;France&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"&gt;Spain&lt;/a&gt; and others are actively promoting government &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carbon_fund&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" title="Carbon fund (page does not exist)"&gt;carbon funds&lt;/a&gt;, supporting multilateral carbon funds intent on purchasing &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_credit" title="Carbon credit"&gt;carbon credits&lt;/a&gt; from non-Annex I countries,&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol#cite_note-2"&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and are working closely with their major utility, energy, oil and gas and chemicals conglomerates to acquire &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas_certificate&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" title="Greenhouse gas certificate (page does not exist)"&gt;greenhouse gas certificates&lt;/a&gt; as cheaply as possible.Virtually all of the non-Annex I countries have also established a designated national authority to manage its Kyoto obligations, specifically the "CDM process" that determines which GHG projects they wish to propose for accreditation by the CDM Executive Board.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Background&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;The prevailing international &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_opinion_on_climate_change" title="Scientific opinion on climate change"&gt;scientific opinion on climate change&lt;/a&gt; is that human activities resulted in substantial global warming from the mid-20th century, and that continued growth in greenhouse gas concentrations caused by human-induced emissions would generate high risks of dangerous climate change.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change"&gt;Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change&lt;/a&gt; (IPCC) has predicted an average global rise in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature"&gt;temperature&lt;/a&gt; of 1.4°&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius"&gt;C&lt;/a&gt; (2.5°&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit"&gt;F&lt;/a&gt;) to 5.8°C (10.4°&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit"&gt;F&lt;/a&gt;) between 1990 and 2100.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol#cite_note-3"&gt;[4]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;Article 25 of the Protocol specifies that the Protocol enters into force "on the ninetieth day after the date on which not less than 55 Parties to the Convention, incorporating Parties included in Annex I which accounted in total for at least 55% of the total carbon dioxide emissions for 1990 of the Annex I countries, have deposited their instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession."&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;The EU and its &lt;st1:place w:st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:placename w:st="on"&gt;Member&lt;/st1:placename&gt;  &lt;st1:placetype w:st="on"&gt;States&lt;/st1:placetype&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt; ratified the Protocol in May 2002.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol#cite_note-4"&gt;[5]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Of the two conditions, the "55 parties" clause was reached on 23 May 2002 when &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland"&gt;Iceland&lt;/a&gt; ratified the Protocol. The ratification by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"&gt;Russia&lt;/a&gt; on 18 November 2004 satisfied the "55%" clause and brought the treaty into force, effective 16 February 2005, after the required lapse of 90 days.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;As of November 2009, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kyoto_Protocol_signatories" title="List of Kyoto Protocol signatories"&gt;186 countries&lt;/a&gt; and one regional economic organization (the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EC" title="EC"&gt;EC&lt;/a&gt;) have ratified the agreement, representing over 63.9% of the 1990 emissions from Annex I countries.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol#cite_note-Kyoto-PDF-unfccc-1"&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;st1:country-region w:st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st="on"&gt;Australia&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; ratified the Kyoto Protocol on 3 December 2007, which came into effect at the end of March 2008.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;The most notable non-party to the Protocol is the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States"&gt;United States&lt;/a&gt;, which is a party to UNFCCC and was responsible for 36.1% of the 1990 emission levels of Annex I countries.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;The Protocol can be signed and ratified only by parties to UNFCCC, (Article 24) and a country can withdraw by giving 12 months notice. (Article 27)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"&gt;&lt;st1:city w:st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st="on"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;Kyoto&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt; is intended to cut &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth" title="Earth"&gt;global&lt;/a&gt; emissions of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gases" title="Greenhouse gases"&gt;greenhouse gases&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;The objective is the "stabilization and reconstruction of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system."&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol#cite_note-unfccc2005-0"&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;The objective of the &lt;st1:city w:st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st="on"&gt;Kyoto&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt; climate change conference was to establish a legally binding international agreement, whereby all the participating nations commit themselves to tackling the issue of global warming and greenhouse gas emissions. The target agreed upon was an average reduction of 5.2% from 1990 levels by the year 2012. Contrary to popular belief, the Protocol will NOT expire in 2012. In 2012, Annex I countries must have fulfilled their obligations of reduction of greenhouse gases emissions established for the first commitment period (2008-2012) (see Annex B of the Protocol).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;Proponents also note that &lt;st1:city w:st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st="on"&gt;Kyoto&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt; is a first step&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol#cite_note-5"&gt;[6]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol#cite_note-6"&gt;[7]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; as requirements to meet the UNFCCC will be modified until the objective is met, as required by UNFCCC Article 4.2(d).&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol#cite_note-7"&gt;[8]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;The five principal concepts of the Kyoto Protocol are:&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"&gt;citation needed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul type="disc"&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;commitments to reduce      greenhouse gases that are legally binding for annex I countries, as well      as general commitments for all member countries;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;implementation to meet      the Protocol objectives, to prepare policies and measures which reduce      greenhouse gases; increasing absorption of these gases (for example      through &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geosequestration" title="Geosequestration"&gt;geosequestration&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosequestration" title="Biosequestration"&gt;biosequestration&lt;/a&gt;) and use all mechanisms      available, such as joint implementation, clean development mechanism and      emissions trading; being rewarded with credits which allow more greenhouse      gas emissions at home;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;minimizing impacts on      developing countries by establishing an adaptation fund for climate      change;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;accounting, reporting      and review to ensure the integrity of the Protocol;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;compliance by      establishing a compliance committee to enforce commitment to the Protocol.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;h2 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;2012 emission targets and "flexible mechanisms&lt;/span&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;39 of the 40 Annex I countries have ratified the Protocol. Of these 34 have committed themselves to a reduction of greenhouse gases (GHG) produced by them to targets that are set in relation to their 1990 emission levels, in accordance with Annex B of the Protocol. The targets apply to the four greenhouse gases &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide"&gt;carbon dioxide&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane" title="Methane"&gt;methane&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide"&gt;nitrous oxide&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulphur_hexafluoride" title="Sulphur hexafluoride"&gt;sulphur hexafluoride&lt;/a&gt;, and two groups of gases, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrofluorocarbon" title="Hydrofluorocarbon"&gt;hydrofluorocarbons&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfluorocarbon" title="Perfluorocarbon"&gt;perfluorocarbons&lt;/a&gt;. The six GHG gases are translated into &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co2e" title="Co2e"&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; equivalents&lt;/a&gt; in determining reductions in emissions. These reduction targets are in addition to the industrial gases, chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs, which are dealt with under the 1987 &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Protocol_on_Substances_that_Deplete_the_Ozone_Layer" title="Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer"&gt;Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;Under the Protocol, Annex I countries have committed themselves to national or joint reduction targets, (formally called "quantified emission limitation and reduction objectives"- Article 4.1) that range from a joint reduction of 8% for the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"&gt;European Union&lt;/a&gt; and others, to 7% for the United States (non-binding as the US is not a signatory), 6% for Japan and 0% for Russia. The treaty permits emission increases of 8% for &lt;st1:country-region w:st="on"&gt;Australia&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; and 10% for &lt;st1:country-region w:st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st="on"&gt;Iceland&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol#cite_note-unfccc1997-8"&gt;[9]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Emission limits do not include emissions by international aviation and shipping.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;Annex I countries can achieve their targets by allocating reduced annual allowances to major operators within their borders, or by allowing these operators to exceed their allocations by offsetting any excess through a mechanism that is agreed by all the parties to the UNFCCC, such as by buying &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading"&gt;emission allowances&lt;/a&gt; from other operators which have excess emissions credits.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;38 of the 39 Annex I countries have agreed to cap their emissions in this way, two others are required to do so under their conditions of accession into the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU" title="EU"&gt;EU&lt;/a&gt;, and one more (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus"&gt;Belarus&lt;/a&gt;) is seeking to become an Annex I country.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;The Protocol provides for several "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexible_mechanisms" title="Flexible mechanisms"&gt;flexible mechanisms&lt;/a&gt;" which enable &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change#Annex_I_countries" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change"&gt;Annex I countries&lt;/a&gt; to meet their GHG emission targets by &lt;i&gt;acquiring&lt;/i&gt; GHG emission reductions credits. The credits are acquired by an Annex I country financing projects that reduce emissions in non-Annex I countries or other Annex I countries, or by purchasing credits from Annex I countries with excess credits. The flexible mechanisms are &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading"&gt;emissions trading&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_development_mechanism" title="Clean development mechanism"&gt;clean development mechanism&lt;/a&gt; (CDM) and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_implementation" title="Joint implementation"&gt;joint implementation&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;In practice this means that non-Annex I countries have no GHG emission restrictions, but have financial incentives to develop GHG emission reduction projects to receive "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_credit" title="Carbon credit"&gt;carbon credits&lt;/a&gt;" that can then be sold to Annex I countries, encouraging &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development"&gt;sustainable development&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol#cite_note-9"&gt;[10]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In addition, the flexible mechanisms allow annex I countries with efficient, low GHG-emitting industries, and high prevailing &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_standard" title="Environmental standard"&gt;environmental standards&lt;/a&gt; to purchase carbon credits on the world market instead of reducing greenhouse gas emissions domestically. Annex I countries typically will want to acquire carbon credits as cheaply as possible, while non-Annex I countries want to maximize the value of carbon credits generated from their domestic greenhouse gas projects&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Details of the agreement&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;According to a press release from the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme"&gt;United Nations Environment Programme&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;"After 10 days of tough negotiations, ministers and other high-level officials from 160 countries reached agreement this morning on a legally binding Protocol under which industrialized countries will reduce their collective emissions of greenhouse gases by 5.2%. The agreement aims to lower overall emissions from a group of six &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas"&gt;greenhouse gases&lt;/a&gt; by 2008-12, calculated as an average over these five years. Cuts in the three most important gases - &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide"&gt;carbon dioxide&lt;/a&gt; (CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;), &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane" title="Methane"&gt;methane&lt;/a&gt; (CH4), and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide"&gt;nitrous oxide&lt;/a&gt; (N20) - will be measured against a base year of 1990. Cuts in three long-lived industrial gases - &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrofluorocarbon" title="Hydrofluorocarbon"&gt;hydrofluorocarbons&lt;/a&gt; (HFCs), &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfluorocarbon" title="Perfluorocarbon"&gt;perfluorocarbons&lt;/a&gt; (PFCs), and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulphur_hexafluoride" title="Sulphur hexafluoride"&gt;sulphur hexafluoride&lt;/a&gt; (SF6) - can be measured against either a 1990 or 1995 baseline."&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;National limitations range from 8% reductions for the European Union and others, to 7% for the &lt;st1:country-region w:st="on"&gt;US&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;, 6% for &lt;st1:country-region w:st="on"&gt;Japan&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;, 0% for &lt;st1:country-region w:st="on"&gt;Russia&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;, and permitted increases of 8% for &lt;st1:country-region w:st="on"&gt;Australia&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; and 10% for &lt;st1:country-region w:st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st="on"&gt;Iceland&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol#cite_note-unfccc1997-8"&gt;[9]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;The agreement supplements the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change"&gt;United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change&lt;/a&gt; (UNFCCC) adopted at the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Summit" title="Earth Summit"&gt;Earth Summit&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro"&gt;Rio de Janeiro&lt;/a&gt; in 1992, which did not set any limitations or enforcement mechanisms. All parties to UNFCCC can sign or ratify the Kyoto Protocol, while non-parties to UNFCCC cannot. The Kyoto Protocol was adopted at the third session of the Conference of Parties to the UNFCCC (COP 3) in 1997 in &lt;st1:place w:st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:city w:st="on"&gt;Kyoto&lt;/st1:city&gt;, &lt;st1:country-region w:st="on"&gt;Japan&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;. Most provisions of the Kyoto Protocol apply to developed countries, listed in Annex I to UNFCCC.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;National emission targets exclude international aviation and shipping.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Common but differentiated responsibility&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;UNFCCC adopts a principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities." The parties agreed that:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;1.&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;the largest share of historical and current global emissions of greenhouse gases originated in developed countries;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;2.&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;per capita emissions in developing countries are still relatively low;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;3.&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;the share of global emissions originating in developing countries will grow to meet social and development needs.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol#cite_note-10"&gt;[11]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;st1:country-region w:st="on"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;China&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;, &lt;st1:country-region w:st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st="on"&gt;India&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; and other developing countries were not included in any numerical limitation of the Kyoto Protocol, because they were not main contributors to the greenhouse gas emissions in the pre-treaty industrialization period. &lt;st1:country-region w:st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st="on"&gt;China&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; has since become the largest greenhouse gas emitter.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol#cite_note-11"&gt;[12]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; However, even without responsibility under the &lt;st1:city w:st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st="on"&gt;Kyoto&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt; target, developing countries are also committed to share the common responsibility of all countries to reduce emissions.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;The protocol defines a mechanism of "compliance" as a "monitoring compliance with the commitments and penalties for non-compliance."&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol#cite_note-12"&gt;[13]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;Emissions trading&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;Main article: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading"&gt;Emissions trading&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;st1:city w:st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st="on"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;Kyoto&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt; provides for a 'cap and trade' system which imposes national caps on the emissions of annex I countries. On average, this cap requires countries to reduce their emissions by 5.2% below their 1990 baseline over the 2008 to 2012 period. Although these caps are national-level commitments, in practice, most countries will devolve their emissions targets to individual industrial entities, such as a power plant or paper factory. One example of a 'cap and trade' system is the '&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU_ETS" title="EU ETS"&gt;EU ETS&lt;/a&gt;'. Other schemes may follow suit in time.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;The ultimate buyers of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_credit" title="Carbon credit"&gt;credits&lt;/a&gt; are often individual companies that expect emissions to exceed their quota, their assigned allocation units, AAUs or 'allowances' for short. Typically, they will purchase credits directly from another party with excess allowances, from a broker, from a JI/CDM developer, or on an exchange.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;National governments, some of whom may not have devolved responsibility for meeting &lt;st1:city w:st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st="on"&gt;Kyoto&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt; obligations to industry, and that have a net deficit of allowances, will buy credits for their own account, mainly from JI/CDM developers. These deals are occasionally done directly through a national fund or agency, as in the case of the Dutch government's ERUPT programme, or via collective funds such as the World Bank’s &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prototype_Carbon_Fund&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" title="Prototype Carbon Fund (page does not exist)"&gt;Prototype Carbon Fund&lt;/a&gt; (PCF). The PCF, for example, represents a consortium of six governments and 17 major utility and energy companies on whose behalf it purchases credits.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;Since allowances and carbon credits are tradeable instruments with a transparent price, financial investors can buy them on the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spot_market" title="Spot market"&gt;spot market&lt;/a&gt; for speculation purposes, or link them to &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futures_contracts" title="Futures contracts"&gt;futures contracts&lt;/a&gt;. A high volume of trading in this secondary market helps price discovery and liquidity, and in this way helps to keep down costs and set a clear price signal in CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; which helps businesses to plan investments. This market has grown substantially, with banks, brokers, funds, arbitrageurs and private traders now participating in a market valued at about $60 billion in 2007.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol#cite_note-13"&gt;[14]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Emissions Trading PLC, for example, was floated on the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange"&gt;London Stock Exchange&lt;/a&gt;'s AIM market in 2005 with the specific remit of investing in emissions instruments.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;Although &lt;st1:city w:st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st="on"&gt;Kyoto&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt; created a framework and a set of rules for a global carbon market, there are in practice several distinct schemes or markets in operation today, with varying degrees of linkages among them.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;st1:city w:st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st="on"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;Kyoto&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt; enables a group of several annex I countries to create a market-within-a-market together. The EU elected to be treated as such a group, and created the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Emissions_Trading_Scheme" title="European Union Emissions Trading Scheme"&gt;EU Emissions Trading Scheme&lt;/a&gt; (ETS). The EU ETS uses EAUs (EU Allowance Units), each equivalent to a Kyoto AAU. The scheme went into operation on 1 January 2005, although a forward market has existed since 2003.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;The &lt;st1:country-region w:st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st="on"&gt;UK&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; established its own learning-by-doing voluntary scheme, the UK ETS, which ran from 2002 through 2006. This market existed alongside the EU's scheme, and participants in the UK scheme have the option of applying to opt out of the first phase of the EU ETS, which lasts through 2007&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"&gt;citation needed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;The sources of &lt;st1:city w:st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st="on"&gt;Kyoto&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt; credits are the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Development_Mechanism" title="Clean Development Mechanism"&gt;Clean Development Mechanism&lt;/a&gt; (CDM) and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Implementation" title="Joint Implementation"&gt;Joint Implementation&lt;/a&gt; (JI) projects. The CDM allows the creation of new carbon credits by developing emission reduction projects in non-annex I countries, while JI allows project-specific credits to be converted from existing credits within annex I countries. CDM projects produce Certified Emission Reductions (CERs), and JI projects produce Emission Reduction Units (ERUs), each equivalent to one AAU. Kyoto CERs are also accepted for meeting EU ETS obligations, and ERUs will become similarly valid from 2008 for meeting ETS obligations (although individual countries may choose to limit the number and source of CER/JIs they will allow for compliance purposes starting from 2008). CERs/ERUs are overwhelmingly bought from project developers by funds or individual entities, rather than being exchange-traded like allowances.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;Since the creation of Kyoto is subject to a lengthy process of registration and certification by the UNFCCC, and the projects themselves require several years to develop, this market is at this point largely a forward market where purchases are made at a discount to their equivalent currency, the EUA, and are almost always subject to certification and delivery (although up-front payments are sometimes made). According to IETA, the market value of CDM/JI credits transacted in 2004 was EUR 245&amp;nbsp;m; it is estimated that more than EUR 620&amp;nbsp;m worth of credits were transacted in 2005.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;Several non-Kyoto carbon markets are in existence or being planned, and these are likely to grow in importance and numbers in the coming years. These include the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Greenhouse_Gas_Abatement_Scheme" title="New South Wales Greenhouse Gas Abatement Scheme"&gt;New South Wales Greenhouse Gas Abatement Scheme&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Greenhouse_Gas_Initiative" title="Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative"&gt;Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Climate_Initiative" title="Western Climate Initiative"&gt;Western Climate Initiative&lt;/a&gt; in the United States and Canada, the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Climate_Exchange" title="Chicago Climate Exchange"&gt;Chicago Climate Exchange&lt;/a&gt; and the State of California’s &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Warming_Solutions_Act_of_2006" title="Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006"&gt;recent initiative&lt;/a&gt; to reduce emissions.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;These initiatives taken together may create a series of partly linked markets, rather than a single carbon market. The common theme is the adoption of market-based mechanisms centered on carbon credits that represent a reduction of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions. The fact that some of these initiatives have similar approaches to certifying their credits makes it possible that carbon credits in one market may in the long run be tradeable in other schemes. The scheme would broaden the current carbon market far more than the current focus on the CDM/JI and EU ETS domains. An obvious precondition, however, is a realignment of penalties and fines to similar levels,since these create an effective ceiling for each market.Reduction limitations expire in 2013.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h4 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;States and local governments&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;The Framework Convention on Climate Change is a treaty negotiated between countries at the UN; thus individual states are not free to participate independently within this Protocol to the treaty. Nonetheless, several separate initiatives have started at the level of state or city. Eight &lt;st1:place w:st="on"&gt;Northeastern  U.S.&lt;/st1:place&gt; states created the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Greenhouse_Gas_Initiative" title="Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative"&gt;Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative&lt;/a&gt; (RGGI),&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol#cite_note-78"&gt;[79]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; a state level emissions capping and trading program, using their own independently-developed mechanisms. Their first allowances were auctioned in November 2008.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul type="disc"&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;Participating states&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine" title="Maine"&gt;Maine&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire"&gt;New Hampshire&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont"&gt;Vermont&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut"&gt;Connecticut&lt;/a&gt;,      &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York" title="New York"&gt;New York&lt;/a&gt;,      &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey"&gt;New      Jersey&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware"&gt;Delaware&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts"&gt;Massachusetts&lt;/a&gt;,      and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland"&gt;Maryland&lt;/a&gt;      (these states represent over 46 million people, 20% of the US population).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;Observer states and      regions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania"&gt;Pennsylvania&lt;/a&gt;,      &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C."&gt;District of Columbia&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island"&gt;Rhode      Island&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;On 27 September 2006, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California" title="California"&gt;California&lt;/a&gt; Governor &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger"&gt;Arnold Schwarzenegger&lt;/a&gt; signed into law the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_%28proposed_law%29" title="Bill (proposed law)"&gt;bill&lt;/a&gt; AB 32, also known as the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Warming_Solutions_Act_of_2006" title="Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006"&gt;Global Warming Solutions Act&lt;/a&gt;, establishing a timetable to reduce the state's greenhouse-gas emissions, which rank at 12th-largest in the world, by 25% by the year 2020. This law effectively puts &lt;st1:state w:st="on"&gt;California&lt;/st1:state&gt; in line with the &lt;st1:city w:st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st="on"&gt;Kyoto&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt; limitations, but at a date later than the 2008-2012 Kyoto commitment period. Many of the features of the Californian system are similar to the &lt;st1:city w:st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st="on"&gt;Kyoto&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt; mechanisms, although the scope and targets are different. The parties in the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Climate_Initiative" title="Western Climate Initiative"&gt;Western Climate Initiative&lt;/a&gt; expect to be compatible with some or all of the Californian model.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;As of 14 June 2009, 944 &lt;st1:country-region w:st="on"&gt;U.S.&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; cities in 50 states, the &lt;st1:state w:st="on"&gt;District of Columbia&lt;/st1:state&gt; and Puerto Rico, representing over 80 million Americans support &lt;st1:city w:st="on"&gt;Kyoto&lt;/st1:city&gt; after Mayor &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Nickels" title="Greg Nickels"&gt;Greg Nickels&lt;/a&gt; of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle,_Washington" title="Seattle, Washington"&gt;Seattle&lt;/a&gt; started a nationwide effort to get cities to agree to the protocol.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol#cite_note-USmayor-79"&gt;[80]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; On 29 October 2007, it was reported that &lt;st1:city w:st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st="on"&gt;Seattle&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt; met their target reduction in 2005, reducing their greenhouse gas emissions by 8 percent since 1990.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol#cite_note-80"&gt;[81]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Change in greenhouse gas emission since 1990&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;Below is a list of the change in greenhouse gas emissions from 1990 to 2007 for some countries that are part of the Climate Change Convention as reported by the United Nations.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol#cite_note-94"&gt;[95]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Country&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;img alt="↓" border="0" height="14" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/SOORAJ~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1027" width="12" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Change in greenhouse gas&lt;br /&gt;Emissions (1990-2007)&lt;br /&gt;excluding &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_use,_land-use_change_and_forestry" title="Land use, land-use change and forestry"&gt;LULUCF&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;img alt="↓" border="0" height="14" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/SOORAJ~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1028" width="12" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Change in greenhouse gas&lt;br /&gt;Emissions (1990-2007)&lt;br /&gt;including LULUCF&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;img alt="↓" border="0" height="14" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/SOORAJ~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1029" width="12" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;EU Assigned Objective&lt;br /&gt;for 2012&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;img alt="↓" border="0" height="14" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/SOORAJ~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1030" width="12" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Treaty Obligation   2008-2012&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;img alt="↓" border="0" height="14" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/SOORAJ~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1031" width="12" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"&gt;Denmark&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="background: #FF9090; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;-3.3%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="background: #FF9090; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;-5.6%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;-20%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;-11%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"&gt;Germany&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="background: #90FF90; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;-21.3%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="background: #90FF90; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;-20.8%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;-21%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;-8%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"&gt;Canada&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="background: #FF9090; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;+26.2%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="background: #FF9090; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;+46.7%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;n/a&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;-6%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"&gt;Australia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="background: #FF9090; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;+30.0%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="background: #FF9090; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;+82.0%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;n/a&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;+8%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"&gt;Spain&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="background: #FF9090; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;+53.5%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="background: #FF9090; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;+55.3%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;+15%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;-8%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"&gt;Norway&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="background: #FF9090; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;+10.8%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="background: #90FF90; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;-22.0%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;n/a&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;+1%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;"&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"&gt;New   Zealand&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="background: #FF9090; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;+22.1%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="background: #FF9090; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;+18.3%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;n/a&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;0%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;"&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France"&gt;France&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="background: #90FF90; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;-5.3%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="background: #90FF90; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;-11.8%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;0%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;-8%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;"&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"&gt;Greece&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="background: #FF9090; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;+24.9%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="background: #FF9090; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;+25.2%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;+25%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;-8%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;"&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland"&gt;Ireland&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="background: #FF9090; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;+25.0%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="background: #FF9090; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;+22.6%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;+13%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;-8%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11;"&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"&gt;Japan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="background: #FF9090; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;+8.2%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="background: #FF9090; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;+8.2%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;n/a&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;-6%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 12;"&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"&gt;United Kingdom&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="background: #90FF90; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;-17.3%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="background: #90FF90; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;-17.8%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;-12.5%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;-8%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 13;"&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"&gt;Portugal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="background: #FF9090; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;+38.1%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="background: #FF9090; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;+30.8%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;+27%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;-8%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 14; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU" title="EU"&gt;EU&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="background: #FF9090; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;-4.3%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="background: #FF9090; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;-5.6%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;n/a&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;-8%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;Below is a table of the changes in the CO2 emissions between 1992 and 2008 of 20 countries with the most (estimated) 2008 emissions&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol#cite_note-95"&gt;[96]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;, and other pertinent information.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;Note that the 2008 emissions numbers from which the following table has been created are not actual published emission numbers, but are instead preliminary estimates &lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol#cite_note-96"&gt;[97]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; made by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDIAC" title="CDIAC"&gt;CDIAC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol#cite_note-97"&gt;[98]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; using some &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrapolation" title="Extrapolation"&gt;extrapolation&lt;/a&gt; methods&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol#cite_note-98"&gt;[99]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;. The population data used for per-capita calculations is taken from US Census Bureau's international Data Base (IDB)&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol#cite_note-99"&gt;[100]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;Comparing total greenhouse gas emissions in 2004 to 1990 levels, the U.S. emissions were up by 15.8%,&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol#cite_note-100"&gt;[101]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; with irregular fluctuations from one year to another but a general trend to increase.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol#cite_note-101"&gt;[102]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; At the same time, the EU group of 23 (EU-23) Nations had reduced their emissions by 5%.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol#cite_note-102"&gt;[103]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In addition, the EU-15 group of nations (a large subset of EU-23) reduced their emissions by 0.8% between 1990 and 2004, while emission rose 2.5% from 1999 to 2004. Part of the increases for some of the European Union countries are still in line with the treaty, being part of the cluster of countries implementation (see objectives in the list above).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;As of year-end 2006, the &lt;st1:country-region w:st="on"&gt;United Kingdom&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; and &lt;st1:country-region w:st="on"&gt;Sweden&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; were the only EU countries on pace to meet their &lt;st1:city w:st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st="on"&gt;Kyoto&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt; emissions commitments by 2010. While UN statistics indicate that, as a group, the 37 &lt;st1:city w:st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st="on"&gt;Kyoto&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt; signatory countries can meet the 5% reduction target by 2012, most of the progress in greenhouse gas reduction has come from the stark decline in Eastern European countries' emissions after the fall of communism in the 1990s&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol#cite_note-103"&gt;[104]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st="on"&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Asia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt; Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;The Asia Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate is an agreement among seven &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific" title="Asia-Pacific"&gt;Asia-Pacific&lt;/a&gt; nations: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"&gt;Australia&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"&gt;Canada&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="People's Republic of China"&gt;China&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India"&gt;India&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"&gt;Japan&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"&gt;South Korea&lt;/a&gt;, and the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States"&gt;United States&lt;/a&gt;. Between them, these seven countries are responsible for more than half of the world's carbon dioxide emissions.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;The partnership had its official launch in January 2006 at a ceremony in &lt;st1:place w:st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:city w:st="on"&gt;Sydney&lt;/st1:city&gt;, &lt;st1:country-region w:st="on"&gt;Australia&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;. The alliance states that member nations have initiated nearly 100 projects aimed at clean energy capacity building and market formation since then&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"&gt;citation needed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt;. Building on these activities, long-term projects are scheduled to deploy clean energy and environment technologies and services. The pact allows those countries to set arbitrary goals for reducing greenhouse gas emissions individually, without any enforcement mechanism for these goals.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;Supporters of the pact see it as "complementing the Kyoto Protocol" whilst being more flexible. Critics have said the pact will be ineffective without any enforcement measures and is a means to undermine the negotiations leading to the Protocol scheduled to replace the current Kyoto Protocol (negotiations started in &lt;st1:city w:st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st="on"&gt;Montreal&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt; in December 2005). &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate"&gt;U.S. Senator&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain"&gt;John McCain&lt;/a&gt; said the partnership "[amounted] to nothing more than a nice little public relations ploy,"&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol#cite_note-111"&gt;[112]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; while &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist"&gt;the Economist&lt;/a&gt; described the partnership as "patent fig-leaf for the refusal of &lt;st1:country-region w:st="on"&gt;America&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; and &lt;st1:country-region w:st="on"&gt;Australia&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; to ratify &lt;st1:city w:st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st="on"&gt;Kyoto&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;"&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h1 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5729706317680322816-2718951086462443765?l=kaippizha.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://kaippizha.blogspot.com/feeds/2718951086462443765/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://kaippizha.blogspot.com/2010/02/kyoto-protocol.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5729706317680322816/posts/default/2718951086462443765'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5729706317680322816/posts/default/2718951086462443765'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://kaippizha.blogspot.com/2010/02/kyoto-protocol.html' title='Kyoto Protocol'/><author><name>SoorajmalayattiL</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01237437755053554836</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='30' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_-UN0cVOcDgc/TAFOYJQL4cI/AAAAAAAAAhc/HYr5Sk966TM/S220/soorajmalayattil.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5729706317680322816.post-1649296511282987276</id><published>2010-02-27T22:19:00.000+05:30</published><updated>2010-09-02T20:56:30.967+05:30</updated><title type='text'>GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 3; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Introduction:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 3; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;The stock price plunge and the severe credit crunch we are watching today in the global financial markets are byproducts of the developments in the US six years ago. In late 2001, fears of global terror attacks after 9/11 shook an already struggling US economy, one that was just beginning to come out of the recession induced by the bursting of the dotcom bubble of late 1990s.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;In response, during 2001, the Federal Reserve, the US central bank, began cutting interest rates dramatically to encourage borrowing, which spurred both consumption and investment spending. As lower interest rates worked their way into the economy, the real estate market began to get itself into frenzy. The number of homes sold and the prices they sold for increased dramatically, beginning in 2002. At the time, the rate on a 30-year fixed rate mortgage was at the lowest levels seen in nearly 40 years. Subprime lending and similar mortgage originations in the US rose from less than 8 percent of all mortgages in 2003, to over 20 percent in 2006.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;The crisis began with the bursting of the US housing bubble and high default rates on subprime and adjustable rate mortgages, beginning in approximately 2005-2006. For a number of years prior to that, declining lending standards, an increase in loan incentives such as easy initial terms, and a long-term trend of rising housing prices had encouraged borrowers to assume difficult mortgages in the belief they would be able to quickly refinance...&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 3; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 3; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #444444; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; letter-spacing: -.6pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Global Crisis And Its Impact On Financial Sector&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;Abstract:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;This paper provides detailed information about the global crisis and its impact on Indian economy. It elaborates the underlying causes of the current global crisis and the measures to fight this crisis of the twenty-first century. It explores the role of Government of India in the growth of financial sector and the need for further reforms to overcome the current global crisis.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;This present financial crisis is described as the worst since the great depression (G.D) of 1930. The list of default US investment Continues amidst the concerns of the worlds largest economy.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;Introduction:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;The financial services sector, which was one of the top performing sectors, has seen bankruptcies and bailouts across the world because of the global crisis. All crisis started with the mortgage melt down, the housing and credit crises, bank closings, and draconian job cuts in corporate America. There were number of reasons and causes for this crisis, the most significant were – the inability of the homeowner to make payment on their house loans, the Judgment made by the lender in granting the loan to the borrowers, the complex products involved – mortgage Backed securities (MBS) and collateralized Debt obligations (CDO), financial innovation which concealed default risk, the high corporate debt levels and the inaccurate ratings given by the rating agencies.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;Financial markets observer warns that current crisis sinking deep enough and poor policy decisions could put the global economy in another great depression. It became prominently...&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 3; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 3; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #444444; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; letter-spacing: -.6pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Global Financial Crisis&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 3; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #444444; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; letter-spacing: -.6pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;INTRODUCTION:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;The turmoil in the international financial markets of advanced economies, that started around mid-2007, has exacerbated substantially since August 2008. The financial market crisis has led to the collapse of major financial institutions and is now beginning to impact the real economy in the advanced economies. As this crisis is&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;unfolding, credit markets appear to be drying up in the developed world India, like most other emerging market economies, has so far, not been seriously affected by the recent financial turmoil in developed economies&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;The global financial crisis, brewing for a while, really started to show its effects in the middle of 2007 and into 2008. Around the world stock markets have fallen, large financial institutions have collapsed or been bought out, and governments in even the wealthiest nations have had to come up with rescue packages to bail out their financial systems.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;On the one hand many people are concerned that those responsible for the financial problems are the ones being bailed out, while on the other hand, a global financial meltdown will affect the livelihoods of almost everyone in an increasingly inter-connected world. The problem could have been avoided, if ideologues supporting the current economics models weren’t so vocal, influential and inconsiderate of others’ viewpoints and concerns.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;CAUSES:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;As with any large event in any field of human endeavour, it is never about just one thing. There were many causes of the financial crisis, some recent and some longstanding. I would like to focus on three of those causes today: the misperception and mismanagement of risk; the level of interest rates; and the regulation of the financial system.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;Perhaps the most basic underlying driver of the crisis was the inherent cycle of human psychology around risk perceptions. When times are good, perceptions of risk diminish. People start to convince themselves that the good times will go on forever. Then, when the cycle turns, risk...&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h1 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Global economic recession of 2008- its impacts and lessons?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Simply blaming deregulation does not address the root cause of the problem. If freely functioning, unregulated markets naturally produced these bubbles they would have been the norm throughout world history. In the thousands of years of lending that preceded the current debacle, banks did not willingly lend money to obvious credit risks because they knew it would lead to a breakdown of the system. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Not until the government decided that lending should be made based on their own political objectives did this perfect storm develop. Even after all of the "deregulation," the financial industry remained the most regulated industry in the world.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;When government policy absolves certain parties of their responsibility to consider the consequences of their actions, assures other parties that they will not bear the consequences of their decisions, and distorts the entire pricing mechanism of the market by holding interest rates below where the market demands, problems will occur.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;The bubble was caused by a regulatory environment devised by politicians who thought they could suspend the principles of economics while they conducted social engineering experiments. The international financial industry is the most regulated industry in the world. Those regulations caused the problem, more will not fix it.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;The recession was caused by the excesses created during the asset price bubble. So to adequately evaluate the causes of the recession, you have to concentrate on what caused the bubble. Keynesian economics is at the root of the cause. Unfortunately, government responses are founded on the same principles. We will undoubtedly experience a long, drawn out process while governments take every step available to prop up the system that is over due for liquidation, realignment, reallocation, and eventually growth rooted on sound economic principles that respect the value of prices, profits, and bankruptcies.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;As to the mechanics of the bubble:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;The Fed kept interest rates below where the market demanded. The regulatory environment promoted lending based on qualitative standards rather than quantitative reasoning. This combination touched off a series of predictable events.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;1. The perceived cost of long term lending came down.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;This lowered interest rates on everything from mortgages to credit cards. Individuals took advantage of the low rates without thinking about the real consequences of their leveraging. Additionally, government promoted lowering lending standards so that people with no ability to pay back a loan would be exposed to this risk. The existence of FDIC insurance left the depositor with little incentive to demand responsibility from the bank lending their deposits. The bank's ability to immediately sell new loans that they would never think of making without a federal guarantee to the government sponsored entities (Freddie Mac &amp;amp; Fannie Mae), helped lower lending standards across the industry. Then allowing the government sponsored entities to create Mortgage Backed Securities with those loans and sell them on the open market to raise capital to buy more bad loans from the banks injects another round of steroids into the problem. More loans were approved at lower standards further exposing those who could least afford to lose everything when the whole thing collapsed.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;2. Demand was created for an investment option that gave the market the return that reflected where interest rates should have been.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;The private sector knew interest rates should have been higher than the Fed allowed. In order to fill the demand for returns that were more in line with reasonable interest rates based on prevailing money supply and risk concerns without slowing the rate of loan approvals, government sponsored entities and banks began packaging mortgages together as investment vehicles. As interest rates continued to be kept below where a freely operating market would have set them, demand for the Mortgage Backed Securities expanded exponentially. The Fed's distortion of interest rates allowed demand for these securities to expand and entire compensation structures were created to promote filling the demand. Funds throughout the world invested in Mortgage Backed Securities because of their perceived value. The risk appeared low and the interest rate promised was in line with what the market was demanding.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;When the bubble popped, production ground to a halt, demand followed suit, and the entire global economy froze as banks were faced with the consequences of the regulatory environment they were operating within. Unfortunately, government and central bank responses have remained focused on re-inflating the bubble rather than eliminating the factors that contributed to it. This will just kick the can further down the road so that the next meltdown is bigger than this one. Keynes was wrong. All the academic mathematics in the world cannot compensate for the false assumptions on which his theories were based.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;"There is no means of avoiding the final collapse of a boom brought about by credit expansion. The alternative is only whether the crisis should come sooner as the result of a voluntary abandonment of further credit expansion, or later as a final and total catastrophe of the currency system involved." LUDWIG VON MISES&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h1 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;What is the meaning and causes of recession?&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;This is one pace in Trade Cycles. A trade cycle is the one in which&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;Reflation Inflation Turf Recession Depression again Reflation etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;Any country has to go through these processes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;During the boom period the demand for goods grow up as the Purchasing power of the people also goes up. As the Demand increases for goods then the Industrial Production increases and the standard of living people goes up. But a stage reaches wherein the Demand goes up more than the Supply then the condition reaches where Too much money started chasing the goods. Then the Deflation starts as the boom period ends and the Demand goes down and the The Industries are supplying&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;the goods more than the demand then&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;1. It has to cut down the production to avoid loss,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;2. It reduces the staff to cope up with the lose.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;3. The Purchasing power of the people goes down which results more closure of Industries due to lack of Demand.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;4. So unemployment increases and the purchasing power goes down.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;5. Once the spiral starts it ends in recession&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;6. During recession the unemployment increases.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;7. No new investments are coming.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;8. The Bank rates will be very low.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;What Recession is all about and how to compare it with Inflation?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Anything that has demand has purchasing power. Goods lying in shops for sale have purchasing power because they are demanded by people. Shares purchased by you have purchasing power if they have a demand in the secondary market for shares represented by Stock Exchanges. But as we know that during the times when barter system was prevalent, there were problems of impossibility of double co-incidence of wants, lack of standard measure of purchasing power etc. This led to the advent of Money because Money is a commodity which is demanded by people all the time and Money initially was represented through Commodity Money whereby the actual value of the commodity was the value of money which the commodity represented. It was Fiat Money, that is prevalent today that was evolved to represent that Money that had purchasing power solely backed by Government Order for that Money to be recognized as such. Economy is said to develop when it develops resources that have a demand. When resources begin to loose their purchasing power, it is a cause of concern for the economy because that is something which would reflect in the Currency Exchange Rate for that Economy. For example, a fall in the demand for Oil could seriously damage the economy of the Middle Eastern countries because Oil represents the Purchasing Power of the Middle Eastern Countries. A person who earns his living as a computer operator in his office, would be debarred of further purchasing power if he suffers an attack of paralysis of his hands. An economy is healthy if people are able to sustain the satisfaction of their wants through such exchanges. By having something which has demand, i.e. Money, you can exchange it for something which you want. But if the purchasing power lessens without a parallel reduction in production, that would ultimately lead to reduction in prices of goods and services meaning a reduction in the purchasing power of the sellers of such goods and services. This is exactly what happens during Recession. An increase in purchasing power generates demand for goods and services which thus generates purchasing power of sellers of such goods and services. Business enterprises actually enable Value Addition to resources through exchanges. For example, I as a manufacturer of goods hire the skills of labourers and purchase raw material. The labourers apply skill to the raw material converting it into a product that has demand. Thus, what I have actually done is that I have exchanged money for value addition. Thus, I have passed on to the labourers Money, which has a demand representing purchasing power and I have now with me products, which have a market, representing my purchasing power. Now when I will sell those products, I will again get back Money but with profit. This profit represents the Value Addition that I enabled through production. But those who purchased those goods and services from me have consumed those goods and services and thus, they need to replenish their purchasing power through selling their skills and labour once again. Thus, natural resources including human labour are source of replenishment of purchasing power in the economy. But when people’s purchasing power would fall, I would be forced to reduce the prices of my products thus resulting in fall in my purchasing power. Such a fall in the market value of goods and services in totality represents a fall in Gross Domestic Product. This marks Recession. I would now fail to generate sufficient Value Addition as I used to do previously. This would result in prolonging the effect of lack of purchasing power representing a fall in the Purchasing power of the nation. This would discourage Foreign Investors resulting in fall in the demand for my nation’s currency in the International Currency Market bringing down the exchange rate weakening my nation’s currency.&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;When demand for goods and services decreases without a corresponding decrease in supply of goods and services, it results in a fall in the market value of goods and services. This is a fall in GDP, representing Recession. When Supply of Goods and services decreases without a corresponding fall in demand for them, that results in Inflation where large purchasing power is chasing few goods. This can also happen when Market Value of goods and services has excessively risen owing to rising cost of inputs due to their shortage. For example, rise in the prices of Oil will result in rise in Ticket Fare for travel by Air. Recession arises from shortage of Money pulling down the market value of goods and services. Inflation arises from a fall in the purchasing power of money, supply of money remaining constant.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h1 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;The &lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Myth &lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;that &lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Laissez &lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Faire &lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Is &lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Responsible for &lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Our &lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Present &lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Crisis&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;The news media are in the process of creating a great new historical myth. This is the myth that our present financial crisis is the result of economic freedom and laissez-faire capitalism.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;The attempt to place the blame on laissez faire is readily confirmed by a Google search under the terms "crisis + laissez faire." On the first page of the results that come up, or in the web entries to which those results refer, statements of the following kind appear:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-list: Ignore;"&gt;·&lt;span style="font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;"The mortgage crisis is laissez-faire gone wrong."&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-list: Ignore;"&gt;·&lt;span style="font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;"Sarkozy [Nicolas Sarkozy, the President of France] said 'laissez-faire' economics, 'self-regulation' and the view that 'the all-powerful market' always knows best are finished."&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-list: Ignore;"&gt;·&lt;span style="font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;"'America's laissez-faire ideology, as practiced during the subprime crisis, was as simplistic as it was dangerous,' chipped in Peer Steinbrück, the German finance minister."&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-list: Ignore;"&gt;·&lt;span style="font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;"Paulson brings laissez-faire approach on financial crisis…."&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-list: Ignore;"&gt;·&lt;span style="font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;"It's au revoir to the days of laissez faire."&lt;a href="" name="_ftnref"&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Recent articles in&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"&gt;The New York Times&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;provide further confirmation. Thus, one article declares, "The United States has a culture that celebrates laissez-faire capitalism as the economic ideal…."Another article tells us, "For 30 years, the nation's political system has been tilted in favor of business deregulation and against new rules."&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;In a third article, a pair of reporters assert, "Since 1997, Mr. Brown [the British Prime Minister] has been a powerful voice behind the Labor Party's embrace of an American-style economic philosophy that was light on regulation. The laissez-faire approach encouraged the country's banks to expand internationally and chase returns in areas far afield of their core mission of attracting deposits."&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Thus even Great Britain is described as having a "laissez-faire approach."&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;The mentality displayed in these statements is so completely and utterly at odds with the actual meaning of laissez faire that it would be capable of describing the economic policy of the old Soviet Union as one of laissez faire in its last decades. By its logic, that is how it would have to describe the policy of Brezhnev and his successors of allowing workers on collective farms to cultivate plots of land of up to one acre in size on their own account and sell the produce in farmers' markets in Soviet cities. According to the logic of the media, that too would be "laissez faire" — at least compared to the time of Stalin.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Laissez-faire capitalism has a definite meaning, which is totally ignored, contradicted, and downright defiled by such statements as those quoted above. Laissez-faire capitalism is&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"&gt;a politico-economic system based on private ownership of the means of production and in which the powers of the state are limited to the protection of the individual's rights against the initiation of physical force.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;This protection applies to the initiation of physical force by other private individuals, by foreign governments, and, most importantly, by the individual's own government. This last is accomplished by such means as a written constitution, a system of division of powers and checks and balances, an explicit bill of rights, and eternal vigilance on the part of a citizenry with the right to keep and bear arms. Under laissez-faire capitalism, the state consists essentially just of a police force, law courts, and a national defense establishment, which deter and combat those who initiate the use of physical force. And nothing more.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;The utter absurdity of statements claiming that the present political-economic environment of the United States in some sense represents laissez-faire capitalism becomes as glaringly obvious as anything can be when one keeps in mind the extremely limited role of government under laissez-faire and then considers the following facts about the present-day United States:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 41.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-list: Ignore;"&gt;1.&lt;span style="font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Government spending in the United States currently equals more than forty percent of national income, i.e., the sum of all wages and salaries and profits and interest earned in the country. This is without counting any of the massive off-budget spending such as that on account of the government enterprises Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Nor does it count any of the recent spending on assorted "bailouts." What this means is that substantially more than forty dollars of every one hundred dollars of output are appropriated by the government against the will of the individual citizens who produce that output. The money and the goods involved are turned over to the government only because the individual citizens wish to stay out of jail. Their freedom to dispose of their own incomes and output is thus violated on a colossal scale. In contrast, under laissez-faire capitalism, government spending would be on such a modest scale that a mere revenue tariff might be sufficient to support it. The corporate and individual income taxes, inheritance and capital gains taxes, and social security and Medicare taxes would not exist.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 41.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-list: Ignore;"&gt;2.&lt;span style="font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;There are presently fifteen federal cabinet departments, nine of which exist for the very purpose of respectively interfering with housing, transportation, healthcare, education, energy, mining, agriculture, labor, and commerce, and virtually all of which nowadays routinely ride roughshod over one or more important aspects of the economic freedom of the individual. Under laissez-faire capitalism, eleven of the fifteen cabinet departments would cease to exist and only the departments of justice, defense, state, and treasury would remain. Within those departments, moreover, further reductions would be made, such as the abolition of the IRS in the Treasury Department and the Antitrust Division in the Department of Justice.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 41.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-list: Ignore;"&gt;3.&lt;span style="font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;The economic interference of today's cabinet departments is reinforced and amplified by more than one hundred federal agencies and commissions, the most well known of which include, besides the IRS, the FRB and FDIC, the FBI and CIA, the EPA, FDA, SEC, CFTC, NLRB, FTC, FCC, FERC, FEMA, FAA, CAA, INS, OHSA, CPSC, NHTSA, EEOC, BATF, DEA, NIH, and NASA. Under laissez-faire capitalism, all such agencies and commissions would be done away with, with the exception of the FBI, which would be reduced to the legitimate functions of counterespionage and combating crimes against person or property that take place across state lines.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 41.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-list: Ignore;"&gt;4.&lt;span style="font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;To complete this catalog of government interference and its trampling of any vestige of laissez faire, as of the end of 2007, the last full year for which data are available, the&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"&gt;Federal Register&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;contained fully&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"&gt;seventy-three thousand pages&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;of detailed government regulations. This is an increase of more than ten thousand pages since 1978, the very years during which our system, according to one of&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"&gt;The New York Times&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;articles quoted above, has been "tilted in favor of business deregulation and against new rules." Under laissez-faire capitalism, there would be no&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"&gt;Federal Register&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. The activities of the remaining government departments and their subdivisions would be controlled exclusively by duly enacted legislation, not the rule-making of unelected government officials.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 41.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-list: Ignore;"&gt;5.&lt;span style="font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;And, of course, to all of this must be added the further massive apparatus of laws, departments, agencies, and regulations at the state and local level. Under laissez-faire capitalism, these too for the most part would be completely abolished and what remained would reflect the same kind of radical reductions in the size and scope of government activity as those carried out on the federal level.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;What this brief account has shown is that the politico-economic system of the United States today is so far removed from laissez-faire capitalism that it is closer to the system of a police state. The ability of the media to ignore all of the massive government interference that exists today and to characterize our present economic system as one of laissez faire and economic freedom marks it as, if not profoundly dishonest, then as nothing less than delusional.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Government Intervention Actually Responsible for the Crisis&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Beyond all this is the further fact that&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"&gt;the actual responsibility for our financial crisis lies precisely with massive government intervention,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;above all the intervention of the Federal Reserve System in attempting to create capital out of thin air, in the belief that the mere creation of money and its being made available in the loan market is a substitute for capital created by producing and saving. This is a policy it has pursued since its founding, but with exceptional vigor since 2001, in its efforts to overcome the collapse of the stock market bubble whose creation it had previously inspired.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;The Federal Reserve and other portions of the government pursue the policy of money and credit creation in everything they do that encourages and protects private banks in the attempt to cheat reality by making it appear that one can keep one's money and lend it out too, both at the same time. This duplicity occurs when individuals or business firms deposit cash in banks, which they can continue to use to make purchases and pay bills by means of writing checks rather than using currency. To the extent that the banks are then enabled and encouraged to lend out the funds that have been deposited in this way (usually by the creation of new and additional checking deposits rather than the lending of currency), they are engaged in the creation of new and additional money. The depositors continue to have their money and borrowers now have the bulk of the funds deposited. In recent years, the Federal Reserve has so encouraged this process, that checking deposits have been created equal to fifty times the actual cash reserves of the banks, a situation more than ripe for implosion.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;All of this new and additional money entering the loan market is fundamentally fictitious capital, in that it does not represent new and additional capital goods in the economic system, but rather a mere transfer of parts of the existing supply of capital goods into different hands, for use in different, less efficient, and often flagrantly wasteful ways. The present housing crisis is perhaps the most glaring example of this in all of history.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;"Laissez-faire capitalism has a definite meaning, which is totally ignored, contradicted, and downright defiled by such statements…"&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Perhaps as much as a trillion-and-a-half dollars or more of new and additional checkbook-money capital was channeled into the housing market as the result of the artificially low interest rates caused by the presence of an even larger overall amount of new and additional money in the loan market. Because of the long-term nature of its financing, housing is especially susceptible to the effect of lower interest rates, which can serve sharply to reduce monthly mortgage payments and in this way correspondingly increase the demand for housing and for the mortgage loans needed to finance it.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Over a period of years, the result was a huge increase in the production and purchase of new homes, rapidly rising home prices, and a further spiraling increase in the production and purchase of new homes in the expectation of a continuing rise in their prices.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;To gauge the scale of its responsibility, in the period of time just since 2001, the Federal Reserve caused an increase in the supply of checkbook-money capital of more than 70 percent of the cumulative total amount it had created in the whole of the previous 88 years of its existence — that is, almost 2 trillion dollars.&lt;span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;This was the increase in the amount by which the checking deposits of the banks exceeded the banks' reserves of actual money, that is, the money they have available to pay depositors who want cash. The Federal Reserve caused this increase in illusory capital by means of creating whatever new and additional bank reserves were necessary to achieve a federal funds interest rate — that is, the rate of interest paid by banks on the lending and borrowing of reserves — that was far below the rate of interest dictated by the market. For the three years 2001–2004, the Federal Reserve drove the federal funds rate below 2 percent and, from July of 2003 to June of 2004, drove it even further down to approximately 1 percent.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;The Federal Reserve also made it possible for banks to operate with a far lower percentage of reserves than ever before. Whereas in a free market, banks would hold&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"&gt;gold&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;reserves equal to their checking deposits — or at the very least to a substantial proportion of their checking deposits&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;— the Federal Reserve in recent years contrived to make it possible for them to operate with irredeemable fiat-money reserves of less than 2 percent.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;The Federal Reserve drove down the federal funds rate and brought about the vast increase in the supply of illusory capital for the purpose of driving down all market interest rates. The additional illusory capital could find borrowers only at lower interest rates. The Federal Reserve's goal was to bring about interest rates so low that they could not compensate even for the rise in prices. It deliberately sought to achieve a&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"&gt;negative&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;real rate of interest on capital, that is, a rate below the rate at which prices rise. This means that a lender, after receiving the interest due him for a year, has less purchasing power than he had the year before, when he had only his principal.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;In doing this, the Federal Reserve's ultimate purpose was to stimulate both investment and consumer spending. It wanted the cost of obtaining capital to be minimal so that it would be invested on the greatest possible scale and for people to regard the holding of money as a losing proposition, which would stimulate them to spend it faster. More spending, ever more spending was its concern, in the belief that that is what is required to avoid large-scale unemployment.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;As matters have turned out, the Federal Reserve got its wish for a negative real rate of interest, but to an extent far beyond what it wished. It wished for a negative real rate of return of perhaps 1 to 2 percent. What it achieved in the housing market was a negative real rate of return measured by the loss of a major portion of the capital invested. In the words of&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"&gt;The New York Times&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;, "In the year since the crisis began, the world's financial institutions have written down around $500 billion worth of mortgage-backed securities. Unless something is done to stem the rapid decline of housing values, these institutions are likely to write down an additional $1 trillion to $1.5 trillion." &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;This vast loss of capital in the housing debacle is what is responsible for the inability of banks to make loans to many businesses to which they normally could and would lend. The reason they cannot now do so is that the funds and the real wealth that have been lost no longer exist and thus cannot be lent to anyone. The Federal Reserve's policy of credit expansion based on the creation of new and additional checkbook money has thus served to give capital to unworthy borrowers who never should have had it in the first place and to deprive other, far more credit worthy borrowers of the capital they need to stay in businesses. Its policy has been one of redistribution and destruction.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;The capital it has caused to be malinvested and lost in housing is capital that is now unavailable for such firms as Wickes Furniture, Linens 'N Things, Levitz Furniture, Mervyns, and innumerable others, who have had to go bankrupt because they could not obtain the loans they needed to stay in business. And, of course, among the foremost victims have been major banks themselves. The losses they have suffered have wiped out their capital and put them out of business. And the list of casualties will certainly grow.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Any discussion of the housing debacle would be incomplete if it did not include mention of the systematic consumption of home equity encouraged for several years by the media and an ignorant economics profession. Consistent with the teachings of Keynesianism that consumer spending is the foundation of prosperity, they regarded the rise in home prices as a powerful means for stimulating such spending. In increasing homeowners' equity, they held, it enabled homeowners to borrow money to finance additional consumption and thus keep the economy operating at a high level. As matters have turned out, such consumption has served to saddle many homeowners with mortgages that are now greater than the value of their homes, which would not have been the case had those mortgages not been enlarged to finance additional consumption. This consumption is the cause of a further loss of capital over and above the capital lost in malinvestment.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;A discussion of the housing debacle would also not be complete if it did not mention the role of government guarantees of many mortgage loans. If the government guarantees the principal and interest on a loan, there is no reason why a lender should care about the qualifications of a borrower. He will not lose by making the loan, however bad it may turn out to be.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;A substantial number of mortgage loans carried such guarantees. For example, a&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"&gt;New York Times&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;article describes the Department of Housing and Urban Development as "an agency that greased the mortgage wheel for first-time buyers by insuring billions of dollars in loans." The article describes how HUD progressively reduced its lending standards: "families no longer had to prove they had five years of stable income; three years sufficed… lenders were allowed to hire their own appraisers rather than rely on a government-selected panel … lenders no longer had to interview most government-insured borrowers face to face or maintain physical branch offices," because the government's approval for granting mortgage insurance had become automatic.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"&gt;The Times'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;article goes on to describe how "Lenders," such as Countrywide Financial, which was among the largest and most prominent, "sprang up to serve those whose poor credit history made them ineligible for lower-interest 'prime' loans." It notes the fact that "Countrywide signed a government pledge to use 'proactive creative efforts' to extend homeownership to minorities and low-income Americans." &lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;"Proactive creative efforts" is a good description of what lenders did in offering such bizarre types of mortgages as those requiring the payment of "interest only," and then allowing the avoidance even of the payment of interest by adding it to the amount of outstanding principal. (Such mortgages suited the needs of homebuyers whose reason for buying was to be able to sell as soon as home prices rose sufficiently further.)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Just as vast numbers of houses were purchased based on an unfounded belief in an endless rise in their prices, so too vast numbers of complex financial derivatives were sold based on an unfounded belief that the Federal Reserve System actually had the power it claimed to have of making depressions impossible — a power which the media and most of the economics profession repeatedly affirmed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Derivatives have received such a bad press that it is necessary to point out that the insurance policy on a home is a derivative. And many of the derivatives that were sold and which are now creating problems of insolvency and bankruptcy, namely, "credit default swaps (CDSs)," were insurance policies in one form or another. Their flaw was that unlike ordinary homeowners' insurance, they did not have a sufficient list of exclusions.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Homeowners' policies make exclusions for such things as damage caused by war and, in many cases, depending on the special risks of the local area, earthquakes and hurricanes. In the same way, the more complex derivatives should have made an exclusion for losses resulting from financial collapse brought on by Federal Reserve–sponsored massive credit expansion. (If it is impossible actually to write such an exclusion, because many of the losses may occur before the nature of the cause becomes evident, then such derivatives should not be written and the market will no longer write them because of the unacceptable risks they entail.) But decades of brainwashing by the government, the media, and the educational system had convinced almost everyone that such collapse was no longer possible.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Belief in the impossibility of depressions played the same role in the creation and sale of "collateralized debt obligations (CDOs)." Here disparate home mortgages were bundled together and securities were issued against them. In many cases, large buyers bundled together collections of such securities and issued further securities against those securities. As more and more homeowners have defaulted on their loans, the result has been that no one is able directly to judge the value of these securities. To do so, it will be necessary to disentangle them down to the level of the underlying individual mortgages. Such tangles of securities could never have been sold in a market not overwhelmed by the propaganda that depressions are impossible under the government's management of the financial system.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Finally, a discussion of the housing debacle would not be complete if it did not include mention of forms of virtual extortion that served to encourage loans to unworthy borrowers. Thus, the online encyclopedia Wikipedia writes,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;The Community Reinvestment Act [CRA] … is a United States federal law designed to encourage commercial banks and savings associations to meet the needs of borrowers in all segments of their communities, including low- and moderate-income neighborhoods … CRA regulations give community groups the right to comment or protest about banks' non-compliance with CRA. Such comments could help or hinder banks' planned expansions.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;The meaning of these words is that the Community Reinvestment Act gives the power to "community groups," to determine in an important respect the financial success or failure of a bank. Only if they are satisfied that the bank is making sufficient loans to borrowers to whom it would otherwise choose not to lend, will it be permitted to succeed. The most prominent such community group is ACORN.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Part and parcel of the environment that has made an act such as the CRA possible, is threats of slander against banks for being "racist" if they choose not to make loans to people who are poor credit risks and also happen to belong to this or that minority group. The threats of slander go hand in glove with intimidation from various government agencies that exercise discretionary power over the banks and are in a position to harm them if they do not comply with the agencies' wishes. The same points apply to mortgage lenders other than banks.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;What this extensive analysis of the actual causes of our financial crisis has shown is that it is government intervention, not a free market or laissez-faire capitalism, that is responsible in every essential respect.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;The Laissez-Faire Myth and the Marxism of the Media&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;The myth that laissez faire exists in the present-day United States and is responsible for our current economic crisis is promulgated by people who know practically nothing whatever of sound, rational economic theory or the actual nature of laissez-faire capitalism. They espouse it despite, or rather&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"&gt;because&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;of, their education at the leading colleges and universities of the country. When it comes to matters of economics, their education has steeped them entirely in the thoroughly wrong and pernicious doctrines of Marx and Keynes. In claiming to see the existence of laissez faire in the midst of such massive government interference as to constitute the very opposite of laissez faire, they are attempting to rewrite reality in order to make it conform with their Marxist preconceptions and view of the world.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;"Decades of brainwashing by the government, the media, and the educational system … convinced almost everyone that such collapse was no longer possible."&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;They absorb the doctrines of Marx more in history, philosophy, sociology, and literature classes than in economics classes. The economics classes, while usually not Marxist themselves, offer only highly insufficient rebuttal of the Marxist doctrines and devote almost all of their time to espousing Keynesianism and other, less-well-known anticapitalistic doctrines, such as the doctrine of pure and perfect competition.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Very few of the professors and their students have read so much as a single page of the&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"&gt;writings of Ludwig von Mises&lt;/span&gt;, who is the preeminent theorist of capitalism and knowledge of whose writings is essential to its understanding. Almost all of them are thus essentially ignorant of sound economics.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;When I refer to the educational system and the media as Marxist, I do not intend to imply that its members favor any kind of forcible overthrow of the United States government or are necessarily even advocates of socialism. What I mean is that they are Marxists insofar as they accept Marx's views concerning the nature and operation of laissez-faire capitalism.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;They accept the Marxian doctrine that in the absence of government intervention, the self-interest, the profit motive — the "unbridled greed" — of businessmen and capitalists would serve to drive wage rates to minimum subsistence while it extended the hours of work to the maximum humanly endurable, imposed horrifying working conditions, and drove small children to work in factories and mines. They point to the miserably low standard of living and terrible conditions of wage earners in the early years of capitalism, especially in Great Britain, and believe that that proves their case. They go on to argue that only government intervention in the form of pro-union and minimum-wage legislation, maximum-hours laws, the legal prohibition of child labor, and government mandates concerning working conditions, served to improve the wage earner's lot. They believe that repeal of this legislation would bring about a return to the miserable economic conditions of the early 19th century.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;They view the profits and interest of businessmen and capitalists as unearned, undeserved gains, wrung from wage earners — the alleged true producers — by the equivalent of physical force, and hence regard the wage earners as being in the position of virtual slaves ("wage slaves") and the capitalist "exploiters" as being in the position of virtual slave owners. Closely connected with this, they regard taxing the businessmen and capitalists and using the proceeds for the benefit of wage earners, in such forms as social security, socialized medicine, public education, and public housing, as a policy that serves merely to return to the wage earners some portion of the loot allegedly stolen from them in the process of "exploitation."&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;In full agreement with Marx and his doctrine that under laissez-faire capitalism the capitalists expropriate all of the wage earner's production above what is necessary for minimum subsistence, they assume that the government's intervention harms no one but the immoral businessmen and capitalists, never the wage earners. Thus not only the taxes to pay for social programs but also the higher wages imposed by pro-union and minimum-wage legislation are assumed simply to come out of profits, with no negative effect whatever on wage earners, such as unemployment. Likewise for the effect of government-imposed shorter hours, improved working conditions, and the abolition of child labor: the resulting higher costs are assumed simply to come out of the capitalists' "surplus value," never out of the standard of living of wage earners themselves.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;This is the mindset of the whole of the left and in particular of the members of the educational system and media. It is a view of the profit motive and the pursuit of material self-interest as inherently lethal if not forcibly countered and rigidly controlled by government intervention. As stated, it is a view that sees the role of businessmen and capitalists as comparable to that of slave owners, despite the fact that businessmen and capitalists do not and cannot employ guns, whips, or chains to find and keep their workers but only the offer of better wages and conditions than those workers can find elsewhere.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Not surprisingly, the educational system and media share the view of Marx that laissez-faire capitalism is an "anarchy of production," in which the businessmen and capitalists run about like chickens without heads. In their view, rationality, order, and planning emanate from the government, not from the participants in the market.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;As I say, this, and more like it, is the intellectual framework of the great majority of today's professors and of several generations of their predecessors. It is equally the intellectual framework of their students, who have dutifully absorbed their misguided teachings and some of whom have gone on to become the reporters and editors of such publications as&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"&gt;The New York Times, The Washington Post, Newsweek, Time&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;, and the overwhelming majority of all other newspapers and news magazines. It is the intellectual framework of their students who are now the commentators and editors of practically all of the major television networks, such as CBS, NBC, ABC, and CNN. And it is this intellectual framework within which the media now attempts to understand and report on our financial crisis.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;In their view, laissez-faire capitalism and economic freedom are a formula for injustice and chaos, while government is the voice and ag&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;ent of justice and rationality in economic affairs. So firmly do they hold this belief, that when they see what they think is evidence of large-scale injustice and chaos in the economic system, such as has existed in the present financial crisis, they automatically presume that it is the result of the pursuit of self-interest and the economic freedom that makes that pursuit possible. Given this fundamental attitude, the principle that guides contemporary journalists so-called is that their job is to find the businessmen and capitalists who are responsible for the evil and the government officials who set them free to commit it, and, finally, to identify and support the policies of government intervention and control that will allegedly eliminate the evil and prevent its recurrence in the future.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Their fear and hatred of economic freedom and laissez-faire capitalism, and their need to be able to denounce it as the cause of all economic evil, is so great that they pretend to themselves and to their audiences that it exists in today's world, in which it clearly does not exist even remotely. By making the claim that laissez faire exists and is what is responsible for the problem, they are able to turn the full force of their hatred for actual economic freedom and laissez-faire capitalism against each and every sliver of economic freedom that somehow manages to exist and which they decide to target. That sliver, they project, is part and parcel of the starvation of the workers in the inhuman exploitation of labor that, in their ignorance, they take for granted is imposed by capitalists under laissez faire. Their brainwashed audience — as much the product of the contemporary educational system as they themselves — then quickly follows suit and obliges their efforts to arouse hatred.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;The result is summed up in words such as these, which appeared in one of the same&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"&gt;New York Times&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;articles I quoted earlier:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;"We now have a collective anger, disgust, over our whole financial system and it's obvious we're going to get a regulatory backlash…" [with] a spillover effect to other industries because voters have the perception that "big companies are animals and they need to be put in their cages."&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;In this way the enemies of capitalism and economic freedom are able to proceed in their campaign of economic destruction and devastation. They use the accusation of "laissez faire" as a kind of ratchet for increasing the government's power. For example, in the early 1930s they accused President Hoover of following a policy of laissez faire, even as he intervened in the economic system to prevent the fall in wage rates that was essential to stop a reduced demand for labor from resulting in mass unemployment. On the basis of the mass unemployment that then resulted from Hoover's intervention, which they succeeded in portraying as "laissez faire," they deceived the country into supporting the further massive interventions of the New Deal.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5729706317680322816-1649296511282987276?l=kaippizha.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://kaippizha.blogspot.com/feeds/1649296511282987276/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://kaippizha.blogspot.com/2010/02/global-financial-crisis.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5729706317680322816/posts/default/1649296511282987276'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5729706317680322816/posts/default/1649296511282987276'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://kaippizha.blogspot.com/2010/02/global-financial-crisis.html' title='GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS'/><author><name>SoorajmalayattiL</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01237437755053554836</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='30' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_-UN0cVOcDgc/TAFOYJQL4cI/AAAAAAAAAhc/HYr5Sk966TM/S220/soorajmalayattil.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5729706317680322816.post-5638686559906296846</id><published>2010-02-15T14:37:00.001+05:30</published><updated>2010-09-28T22:58:53.662+05:30</updated><title type='text'>ബി ഓ ടി റോഡ്‌ പ്രൊജക്റ്റ്‌ ഒരു മാനുഷിക പ്രശ്നമാണ്.</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: large;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: AnjaliOldLipi;"&gt;ബി.ഒ.ടി ചുങ്കപ്പാത ഒരു  മാനുഷികപ്രശ്‌നമാണ്‌.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: AnjaliOldLipi; font-size: small;"&gt;സംസ്‌കാരങ്ങളുടെ പിറവി നദീതടങ്ങളിലായിരുന്നു. നദിയിലെ  ജലവും ഫലഭൂയിഷ്‌ഠമായ മണ്ണും കൃഷിയെ സമ്പന്നമാക്കി. നദീതടത്തെയും കൃഷിയിടത്തെയും  ചന്തകളെയും കൂട്ടിയോജിപ്പിച്ച്‌ നടപ്പാതകളുായി. നടപ്പാതകള്‍ക്കിരുവശം  ജനവാസകേന്ദ്രങ്ങളും കവലകളും ആരാധനാലയങ്ങളും വളര്‍ന്നു. ജനതയുടെ സംസ്‌കാരത്തിന്റെയും  ജീവിതത്തിന്റെയും യാത്രകള്‍ പാതകള്‍ക്കൊപ്പം നീുനീു വന്നു. വികസനം പാതകള്‍ വഴി  എല്ലായിടത്തേക്കും അരിച്ചെത്തി. വ്യവസായങ്ങള്‍ പാതകളെമാത്രം  ആശ്രയിക്കുന്നതായിരുന്നു. നടവഴിയിറങ്ങി പല വഴി കയറി ദേശീയ പാതകള്‍ വഴി  മുന്നോട്ടുപോയാല്‍ ഇരുവശവും ചരിത്രം വായിച്ചെടുക്കാം. ഒരുപക്ഷെ ഈ പാത പാെരു  കൊടുംകാട്ടിലായിരിക്കാം. വന്യമൃഗങ്ങളവിടെ താണ്‌ഢവമാടിയിരിക്കാം. എങ്കിലും, ഇന്ന്‌  അത്‌ നമ്മുടെ നിത്യജീവിതത്തിന്റെ താളമാണ്‌. നമ്മുടെ ബന്ധങ്ങളുടെ കെട്ടുറപ്പാണ്‌. ആ  പാതയാണ്‌ കുത്തകമുതലാളിമാരുടെ ചൂഷിതസംസ്‌കാരത്തിന്റെ കൈകളിലേയ്‌ക്ക്‌  എറിഞ്ഞുകൊടുക്കുന്നത്‌. ചരിത്രവും സംസ്‌കാരവും ബന്ധങ്ങളും തകര്‍ത്തെറിഞ്ഞുകൊാണ്‌  ഇവിടെ ചുങ്കപ്പാത ഉയരുന്നത്‌. കേരളത്തെ പകുത്തുകൊ്‌ ജനതയെ  മതിലുകെട്ടിതിരിച്ചുകൊാണ്‌ ചുങ്കപ്പാത യാഥാര്‍ത്ഥ്യമാകുന്നത്‌.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: AnjaliOldLipi; font-size: small;"&gt;ദേശീയപാത  വീതികൂട്ടല്‍.? എന്തിന്‌?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: AnjaliOldLipi; font-size: small;"&gt;ലക്ഷംരൂപ മാത്രം വിലയുള്ള കാറുകള്‍കൂടി  വിപണിയിലെത്തിയതോടെ നമ്മുടെ നാട്ടിലെ റോഡുകളില്‍ ഗതാഗതക്കുരുക്ക്‌ രൂക്ഷമാവുകയാണ്‌.  ചെറുവാഹനങ്ങളും ഇരുചക്രവാഹനങ്ങളുമാണ്‌ ഗതാഗതക്കുരുക്കിന്റെ പ്രധാന കാരണമായി  ചൂിക്കാട്ടപ്പെടുന്നത്‌. നിലവിലുള്ള റോഡുകള്‍ മാത്രം നിലനിര്‍ത്തിയാല്‍  ഗതാഗതപ്രതിസന്ധി കൂടുതല്‍ രൂക്ഷമാവുകയേ ഉള്ളൂ. ആയതിനാല്‍തന്നെ കൂടുതല്‍ വേഗത്തില്‍  യാത്രചെയ്യാവുന്ന, വലിയ പാതകള്‍ അത്യാവശ്യമാണ്‌. കേരളത്തില്‍, പ്രത്യേകിച്ചും  ചരക്കുസാമാനങ്ങള്‍ വഹിച്ചുകൊുള്ള വാഹനങ്ങളുടെ യാത്രയ്‌ക്ക്‌ സമയക്രമം നിശ്ചയിക്കുക  കൂടെ ചെയ്‌തതോടെ ഇടത്തരം വാഹനങ്ങള്‍ കൂടുതലായും പകല്‍സമയ യാത്ര  ഉപയോഗപ്പെടുത്തുന്നത്‌ കൂടിയിട്ടു്‌. ഇത്‌ അപകടസാദ്ധ്യതകള്‍ ക്രമാതീതമായി  വര്‍ദ്ധിപ്പിക്കുന്നു. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: AnjaliOldLipi; font-size: small;"&gt;വല്ലാര്‍പാടം കയിനര്‍ ടെര്‍മിനല്‍ യാഥാര്‍ത്ഥ്യമാവുകയും  സ്‌മാര്‍ട്‌സിറ്റിയും നോളജ്‌പാര്‍ക്കും പ്രവര്‍ത്തനസജ്ജമാവുകയും കൂടി ചെയ്യുന്ന  വരും വര്‍ഷങ്ങളില്‍ ചരക്കു നീക്കം എല്ലാ സമയത്തും സാദ്ധ്യമാകേതു്‌ (24*7). അതിനായി  അപകടങ്ങളും ഗതാഗതക്കുരുക്കും പരമാവധി ഒഴിവാക്കാന്‍ നിലവിലുള്ള ദേശീയ പാത 17ഉം 47ഉം  കൂട്ടിച്ചേര്‍ത്ത്‌ എറണാകുളം - ഇടപ്പള്ളി മുതല്‍ മലപ്പുറത്ത്‌ കുറ്റിപ്പുറം  വരെയുള്ള 120കിലോമീറ്റര്‍ ദൂരം നേര്‍രേഖാപാതയാക്കിമാറ്റുന്നു. ഇത്‌  നടപ്പാക്കുന്നത്‌ ഇന്ത്യന്‍ ദേശീയപാതാ അതോറിറ്റിയാണ്‌ (ചഒഅക). ഇന്ത്യയിലെ  മിക്കവാറും മറ്റെല്ലാ സംസ്ഥാനത്തും നടപ്പാക്കിയ ബിഒടി റോഡുവികസന രീതി പോലെതന്നെ  സ്വകാര്യ മുടക്കുമുതല്‍ ശേഖരണത്തിലൂടെ ഈ വന്‍പ്രൊജക്‌റ്റും നടപ്പിലാക്കുക  എന്നതാണ്‌ ദൗത്യം. ഇക്കാര്യങ്ങള്‍ പറയുന്നത്‌ നമ്മുടെ ഭരണവര്‍ഗ്ഗമാണ്‌. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: ML-TTRevathi; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="ParagraphChar"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;"&gt;(M/s Wilbur Smith Associates  Inc. USA in joint venture (JV) with Wilbur Smith Associates Private  Limited have been entrusted by NHAI the task of carrying out the  Feasibility Studies and Environmental and Social Impact Assessment  including preparation of Detailed Project Report for rehabilitation and  upgrading to 4/6 lane divided highway.This report deals with  rehabilitation and upgrading of a&amp;nbsp; stretch of 111.73&amp;nbsp; km on NH-17&amp;nbsp; in  the state of Kerala to 4 lane divided highway. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;"&gt;From the project report of National Highway Authority of  India&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: AnjaliOldLipi; font-size: small;"&gt;ബി ഒ ടി ചുങ്കപ്പാത. പ്രക്രിയ ഇങ്ങിനെ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Cambria,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Cambria,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;BOT  (Build Operate Transfer) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: AnjaliOldLipi; font-size: small;"&gt;ഉടമ്പടിപ്രകാരം നാം നമ്മുടെ പാത മുതലാളിമാര്‍ക്കു  വിട്ടുകൊടുക്കുന്നു. സ്വകാര്യ കമ്പനികള്‍ ചേര്‍ന്ന്‌ നിര്‍ദ്ദിഷ്‌ഠ എന്‍.എച്ച്‌  17,? എന്‍.എച്ച്‌ 47 പാതകളും കൊടുങ്ങല്ലൂര്‍ ബൈപ്പാസും കൂട്ടിച്ചേര്‍ത്ത്‌  ഇടപ്പള്ളി മുതല്‍ കുറ്റിപ്പുറം വരെ നവീകരിച്ച്‌ 45 മീറ്റര്‍ വീതിയും 4 വരികളുമുള്ള  പാത നിര്‍മ്മിക്കുന്നു. പാതക്കുള്ള സ്ഥലം സംസ്ഥാനസര്‍ക്കാര്‍ ഏറ്റെടുത്തു  നല്‍കുന്നു. കേന്ദ്ര സര്‍ക്കാരിന്റെ ഫ്‌ ഇതിനായി പാസ്സാക്കപ്പെട്ടിട്ടു്‌. ഇരുവശവും  'ഉയര്‍ന്ന മതിലുകള്‍ കെട്ടിത്തിരിച്ച്‌' പാത നവീകരിച്ച്‌ കമ്പനികള്‍ ചുങ്കപ്പാത  കെട്ടിയുയര്‍ത്തുന്നു. ദേശീയപാത അതോറിറ്റിയുടെ കണക്കനുസരിച്ച്‌ കിലോമീറ്ററിന്‌  14.59കോടി രൂപ ചിലവു പ്രതീക്ഷിക്കുന്ന 111.73 കിലോമീറ്റര്‍ നീളമുള്ള ഈ പാതയില്‍  തങ്ങളുടെ ചിലവ്‌ തിരിച്ചുപിടിക്കുവാനും മറ്റുമായി അടുത്ത 30വര്‍ഷത്തേക്ക്‌ പാതയില്‍  സഞ്ചരിക്കുന്ന ആരില്‍ നിന്നും കരം പിരിക്കാനുള്ള അനുമതി മുതലാളിമാര്‍ക്ക്‌  നല്‍കുന്നു. ഈ കാലയളവിനുള്ളിലുള്ള അറ്റകുറ്റ പണികള്‍ അവരില്‍  നിക്ഷിപ്‌തമായിരിക്കും.&lt;br /&gt;3വര്‍ഷംകൊ്‌ പണി പൂര്‍ത്തിയാക്കുന്ന പാതയിലെ 4  വരികളിലൂടെ വലിപ്പക്രമത്തില്‍ വാഹനങ്ങള്‍ക്ക്‌ 80 മുതല്‍ 120വരെ കിലോമീറ്റര്‍  സ്‌പീഡില്‍ യാത്രചെയ്യാം. കിലോമീറ്ററിന്‌ 60 പൈസ മുതല്‍ 2രൂപ വരെ മുതലാളി  നിശ്ചയിക്കുന്ന ചുങ്കം നിര്‍ബന്ധമായി നല്‍കേതു്‌. പാതയില്‍ ഓരോ  10കിലോമീറ്ററിനുള്ളിലും ഓവര്‍ബ്രിഡ്‌ജുകളും പ്രവേശനങ്ങളും നിര്‍മ്മിക്കും.  സീബ്രാക്രോസിങ്ങുകള്‍ 1.5കിലോമീറ്ററിലും ഉായിരിക്കും. ഇതിനുപുറമെ വാഹനങ്ങള്‍  കേടായാല്‍ നിര്‍ത്തിയിടാനുള്ള വരികളും ഹെവിവാഹനങ്ങള്‍ക്കായുള്ള വിശ്രമ 'ബേ'കളും  ഭക്ഷണം കഴിക്കാന്‍ റസ്റ്റോറന്റും പെട്രോള്‍ ബങ്കറുകളും ഉായിരിക്കും.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="TableHeadcharCharCharChar"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="TableHeadcharCharCharChar"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="Head2" style="line-height: 120%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="position: relative; z-index: -1;"&gt;&lt;span style="height: 321px; left: 0px; position: absolute; top: -47px; width: 692px;"&gt;&lt;img height="321" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/SOORAJ%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1026" width="692" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=5729706317680322816&amp;amp;postID=8599851165789857264" name="_Toc126747708"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=5729706317680322816&amp;amp;postID=8599851165789857264" name="_Toc126648767"&gt;Widening Proposals &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="ParagraphChar"&gt;Based on traffic considerations, geometric  standards and existing site conditions it is proposed to widen the  project road into a 4 lane carriageway of the following configuration.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="BulletChar" style="margin: 1pt 0in 1pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Symbol;"&gt;·&lt;span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Median : 4.5m/1.2m&amp;nbsp; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="BulletChar" style="margin: 1pt 0in 1pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Symbol;"&gt;·&lt;span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Median Shyaway : 0.25m&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="BulletChar" style="margin: 1pt 0in 1pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Symbol;"&gt;·&lt;span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Shyaway at divider : 0.25m&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="BulletChar" style="margin: 1pt 0in 1pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Symbol;"&gt;·&lt;span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Main Carriageway in each direction : 7m (  2 x 3.5m Lane)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="BulletChar" style="margin: 1pt 0in 1pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Symbol;"&gt;·&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Service  Road: 5.5m or 7m &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="BulletChar" style="margin: 1pt 0in 1pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Symbol;"&gt;·&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Paved  Shoulder : 1.5m&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="BulletChar" style="margin: 1pt 0in 1pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Symbol;"&gt;·&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Earthen  Shoulder : 2.0m&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="BulletChar" style="margin: 1pt 0in 1pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Symbol;"&gt;·&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Earthen  Drain of suitable dimension&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="BulletChar" style="margin: 1pt 0in 1pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Symbol;"&gt;·&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Proposed ROW: 45m&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: AnjaliOldLipi; font-size: small;"&gt;അനന്തരഫലങ്ങള്‍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Cambria,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;BOT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: ML-TTRevathi; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: AnjaliOldLipi; font-size: small;"&gt;ചുങ്കപ്പാത വഴി  നടപ്പിലാകുന്നത്‌ പൂര്‍ണ്ണമായും ദേശീയപാതയുടെ സ്വകാര്യവല്‍ക്കരണമാണ്‌. കേരളത്തിലെ  ഭൂഘടനപ്രകാരം ഏറ്റവുമധികം ജനങ്ങള്‍ ആശ്രയിക്കുന്ന എന്‍.എച്ച്‌ 17, എന്‍.എച്ച്‌ 47ഉം  ചെറുകിട -വന്‍കിട സ്ഥാപനങ്ങളുടെ സാന്നിധ്യംകൊും ശ്രദ്ധേയമാണ്‌. ഓട്ടോ-ടാക്‌സികള്‍,  ലോക്കല്‍ ബസ്‌ സര്‍വ്വീസുകള്‍ തുടങ്ങി തെരുവുതെികള്‍ വരെ ജീവിതം  സ്വരുക്കൂട്ടുന്നത്‌ ഈ പാതകളിലാണ്‌. ഈ പാതകള്‍ സ്വകാര്യമേഖലയ്‌ക്ക്‌ കൈമാറുന്നതും  ചുങ്കം പിരിക്കുന്നതും കേരളത്തിലെ ബഹുഭൂരിപക്ഷം വരുന്ന സാധാരണക്കാരന്റെ  യാത്രാസൗകര്യങ്ങളെയും ജീവിതത്തെയും നിഷേധിക്കുകയാണ്‌. ദേശീയപാതക്കിരുവശവും  കെട്ടിടസമുച്ചയങ്ങളും കോളനികളും പൊളിച്ചുനീക്കി ജനങ്ങളെ കുടിയൊഴിപ്പിച്ചാണ്‌ ഈ  ചുങ്കപ്പാത രൂപംകൊള്ളുന്നത്‌. പ്രവാസികളടക്കം പതിറ്റാുകളായി ഈ പാതയോടുചേര്‍ന്ന്‌  പണിതുയര്‍ത്തിയ ആസ്‌തികളത്രയുമാണ്‌ തകര്‍ക്കപ്പെടുക. ഈ മനുഷ്യാധ്വാനം മുഴുവന്‍ വീും  പണിതുയര്‍ത്താന്‍ ഒരുവിധ നഷ്‌ടപരിഹാരവും മതിയാകില്ല. &lt;br /&gt;ഈ റോഡിന്റെ ആവശ്യത്തിനായി  ലക്ഷക്കണക്കിന്‌ ജനങ്ങള്‍ കുടിയിറക്കപ്പെടും, വയലുകള്‍ തണ്ണീര്‍തടങ്ങള്‍  ചെറുപട്ടണങ്ങള്‍ മുതലായവ തകര്‍ക്കപ്പെടും. കൃഷിയിടങ്ങള്‍ ഇല്ലാതാകും. റോഡുകള്‍  ഉപജീവനമാര്‍ഗ്ഗമാക്കിയ ഓട്ടോ-ടാക്‌സി ഡ്രൈവര്‍മാര്‍, ഹോട്ടലുകള്‍, കൂള്‍ബാറുകള്‍,  സ്റ്റേഷനറി- പച്ചക്കറിക്കടകള്‍, ലോട്ടറികച്ചവടക്കാര്‍, പാവപ്പെട്ട മുറുക്കാന്‍  കടക്കാര്‍ എല്ലാവരും ആട്ടിയിറക്കപ്പെടും. ഇന്ത്യിയിലെ തന്നെ ഏറ്റവും വലിയ  കുടിയിറക്കല്‍ പ്രക്രിയയായി ഇതു മാറും. ലക്ഷങ്ങള്‍ വിലവരുന്ന റോഡരികിലെ സ്ഥലമാകെ  5000 മുതല്‍ 52000 രൂപ വരെ വിലയ്‌ക്കാണ്‌ സര്‍ക്കാര്‍ ഏറ്റെടുത്ത്‌  സ്വകാര്യമുതലാളിമാര്‍ക്ക്‌ നല്‍കുന്നത്‌. ഇതിനു പുറമെ 11% നികുതി കിഴിക്കലും  കഴിഞ്ഞേ പണം ഉടമസ്ഥന്‌ കിട്ടൂ. കമ്പോളവിലയുടെ പത്തിലൊന്നുപോലും വരാത്ത ഈ തുകകൊ്‌  പുനരധിവാസം ചിന്തിക്കാന്‍ പോലും ആകില്ല. ഇതിനെല്ലാം പുറമെ പാത കേരളത്തെ രായി  പകുക്കും. തീരദേശപാതയും തെക്കുവടക്കുപാതയും മറ്റു പല പാതകളും സമാന്തരമായി  ഉായിരിക്കേ ഉപയോഗശൂന്യമാകും. ലോക്കല്‍ ബസ്‌ സര്‍വ്വീസുകള്‍ താറുമാറാകും.  സാധാരണക്കാന്‌ റോഡ്‌ ഒന്ന്‌ മുറിച്ചുകടക്കാന്‍പോലും ചുരുങ്ങിയത്‌ 2  കിലോമീറ്ററെങ്കിലും ചുറ്റി സഞ്ചരിക്കേതായി വരും. തൊഴില്‍ രഹിതരാകുന്ന  ദശലക്ഷക്കണക്കിനു പേര്‍ക്ക്‌ ഒരുതരത്തിലും തങ്ങളുടെ തൊഴിലിനെ പുനര്‍  നിര്‍മ്മിക്കാനാകാതെ വരും. വാഹനങ്ങള്‍ക്ക്‌ 60പൈസ മിനിമം ചിങ്കം കൊടുക്കേിവരികയും  10കിലോമീറ്ററില്‍ ഒരിടത്തുമാത്രമായി പ്രവേശനം പരിമിതപ്പെടുത്തുകയും ചെയ്യുമ്പോള്‍  പൊതു യാത്രാസൗകര്യങ്ങള്‍ പര്യാപ്‌തമല്ലാതാകും. പുതിയ യാത്രാ സൗകര്യങ്ങള്‍  സൃഷ്‌ടിക്കേിവരും. &lt;br /&gt;പാതയുടെ സിംഹഭാഗമായ നാലുവരിചുങ്കപ്പാത, പണം നല്‍കി  യാത്രചെയ്യാന്‍ കഴിവുള്ള സമ്പന്നര്‍ക്കു മാത്രമായി മതില്‍കെട്ടിത്തിരിക്കുമ്പോള്‍  85% വരുന്ന ജനഭൂരിപക്ഷത്തിന്‌ സൈഡ്‌ റോഡുകളിലൊതുങ്ങി യാത്ര പരിമിതപ്പെടുത്തേി വരും.  നമ്മുടെ തൊട്ടടുത്ത അമ്പലവും പള്ളിയും വരെ കിലോമീറ്ററുകള്‍ അകലത്തായി മാറും.  ആശുപത്രിയും ബാങ്കുകളും മറ്റനേകം സ്ഥാപനങ്ങളും ചന്തകളും അനേകകാതം അകലെയാവും.  &lt;br /&gt;ചുങ്കപ്പാത വികസന ഭീകരതയാണ്‌.&lt;br /&gt;സംസ്ഥാനങ്ങളില്‍ റോഡുകളുടെ പരമാവധി വീതി  നാലുവരിപ്പാതക്ക്‌ ഇരുപതുമീറ്ററും ആറു വരിപ്പാതക്ക്‌ 30 മീറ്ററും  ധാരാളമാണെന്നിരിക്കെ ഇവിടെ നാലുവരിക്ക്‌ 45മീറ്റര്‍ എന്തിനുവേിയാണ്‌? അങ്കമാലി  -ആലുവ നാലുവരിപ്പാതക്കായി 24മീറ്റര്‍ മാത്രമാണ്‌ നാം ചെലവഴിച്ചത്‌. നടുക്ക്‌  നാലരമീറ്ററിന്റെ ഒരു മീഡിയന്‍ എന്തിനുവേിയാണ്‌? നമ്മുടെ തെക്കുവടക്കു എക്‌സ്‌പ്രസ്‌  ഹൈവേയിലടക്കം മീഡിയന്‍ ഒന്നരമീറ്ററാണ്‌ എന്നറിയുക. തമിഴ്‌നാടും കര്‍ണ്ണാടകവും  പോലുള്ള ജനസാന്ദ്രത തീരെ കുറഞ്ഞ സംസ്ഥാനങ്ങളില്‍ ചുങ്കപ്പാതക്കായി കുടിയൊഴിക്കല്‍  വളരെ കുറവായിരുന്നു. പ്രത്യേകിച്ചും ഇവിടങ്ങളില്‍ വിജനമായ പ്രദേശം  ഏറെയുള്ളതിനാലാണ്‌. പക്ഷെ ജനസാന്ദ്രത വളരെ കൂടുതലായ കേരളത്തില്‍ 21 മീറ്റര്‍  മാത്രമേ പരമാവധി റോഡുകള്‍ക്കായി ഏറ്റെടുക്കാവൂ എന്ന്‌ റോഡ്‌കോണ്‍ഗ്രസ്‌  അനുശാസിക്കുന്നു്‌. (ദേശീയ ശരാശരി ജനസാന്ദ്രത 340/ൂെ.സാ ആയിരിക്കെ കേരളത്തിലേത്‌  640/ൂെ.സാ ആണ്‌. പദ്ധതിപ്രദേശത്ത്‌ ജനസാന്ദ്രത ഏകദേശം 1000/ൂെ.സാ കണക്കാക്കുന്നതായി  സോളിഡാരിറ്റിയുടെ കണക്കുകള്‍ സൂചിപ്പിക്കുന്നു.) &lt;br /&gt;സര്‍ക്കാര്‍ രഹസ്യമായി  പഞ്ചായത്തുകള്‍ക്ക്‌ നല്‍കിയ ഉത്തരവനുസരിച്ച്‌ ഈ 45മീറ്ററിന്‌ പുറമെ വരുന്ന 15  മീറ്റര്‍ ദൂരത്തില്‍ നിര്‍മ്മാണപ്രവര്‍ത്തനങ്ങള്‍ മരവിപ്പിക്കാന്‍  ആവശ്യപ്പെട്ടിട്ടു്‌. വരാനിരിക്കുന്ന ചുങ്കപ്പാത റിലയന്‍സ്‌, വാള്‍മാര്‍ട്ട്‌  പോലെയുള്ള കുത്തകമുതലാളിമാരുടെ ഹൈവേ സൂപ്പര്‍പ്ലാസകളും മക്‌ഡൊണാള്‍ഡ്‌സ്‌ പോലുള്ള  അന്താരാഷ്‌ട്ര കമ്പനികളുടെ റസ്റ്റോറന്റുകള്‍ക്കു മാത്രം കച്ചവടം നടത്താവുന്ന  സ്ഥലമായിരിക്കും എന്ന സംശയത്തിന്‌ ഇത്‌ ബലം നല്‍കുന്നു. യാത്രക്കാര്‍ ഇവയെല്ലാം  നിര്‍ബന്ധമായി ഉപയോഗിക്കേിയും വരും. ഭീകരപാത നിര്‍മ്മിക്കാനും, തകര്‍ക്കപ്പെടുന്ന  കെട്ടിടങ്ങളും മറ്റും പുനര്‍നിര്‍മ്മിക്കാനുമാവശ്യമായ മണല്‍, മണ്ണ്‌, പാറ, ജലം  തുടങ്ങിയ വസ്‌തുക്കള്‍ക്കായി പരിസ്ഥിതി സന്തുലനം തന്നെ തകിടം മറിക്കേി വരും.  കണക്കറ്റ കുന്നുകളും പാടങ്ങളും നീര്‍ത്തടങ്ങളും സംഹരിക്കപ്പെടും. &lt;br /&gt;കേരളത്തില്‍  ചരക്കുഗതാഗതത്തിന്‌ ജലപാതയും (കിലോമീറ്ററിന്‌ 62പൈസ) റയില്‍വെയും (1 രൂപ) ആണ്‌  റോഡിനേക്കാള്‍ (4 രൂപ) ലാഭകരവും പ്രകൃതിക്കനുയോജ്യവുമെന്ന്‌ വിദഗ്‌ദ്ധര്‍  അഭിപ്രായപ്പെടുന്നു. അതിവേഗയാത്രയ്‌ക്കാണെങ്കില്‍ റയില്‍വേയും വിമാനവുമാണ്‌ ഉത്തമം.  ദേശീയ ശരാശരിയേക്കാള്‍ അഞ്ചിരട്ടി റോഡുകളുള്ള കേരളത്തില്‍ ഇനിയും വന്‍ റോഡുകള്‍  മാരകമായിരിക്കും. പുറമെ ചുങ്കപ്പാതയുടെ അനന്തരഫലമായി ചുങ്കംകൊടുത്തു കടത്തേിവരുന്ന  അരി, പച്ചക്കറി, പെട്രോള്‍, അവശ്യവസ്‌തുക്കള്‍ മുതലായവയ്‌ക്ക്‌ അതിനാല്‍തന്നെ വില  വര്‍ദ്ധിക്കും. സാധാരണക്കാരന്റെ യാത്രാചെലവും ഉപഭോഗചെലവും വര്‍ദ്ധിക്കുമ്പോള്‍  വരുമാനം പോരാതെ വരും. നിലവിലുള്ള വൈദ്യുതി, ടെലഫോണ്‍, മൊബൈല്‍ ഫോണ്‍  നെറ്റ്‌#വര്‍ക്കുകള്‍ മുതലായവ പുനര്‍നിര്‍മ്മിക്കേതായിവരും. റോഡിനിരുവശവും  കുഴിച്ചിട്ട മുഴുവന്‍ കേബിളുകളും തുരന്നെടുത്തേ ഇതു സാധ്യമാവൂ. നിലവില്‍?  പ്രൊജക്‌ട്‌ ഉദ്ദേശിക്കുന്ന 13956 കോടിയില്‍ 12559 കോടി രൂപ ഭൂമി ഏറ്റെടുക്കാനും  പുനരധിവാസത്തിനും കെട്ടിടങ്ങള്‍ പൊളിച്ചു നീക്കാനും മാത്രമാണ്‌. 1630കോടി രൂപ  മാത്രമാണ്‌ റോഡിന്റെ നിര്‍മ്മാണച്ചെലവായി വകയിരുത്തുന്നത്‌.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="ParagraphCharChar" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: ML-TTRevathi; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="StyleTableheadCharNotBoldBefore0ptAfter0pt"&gt;Details of the  Construction Cost considered for Economic Analysis &lt;/div&gt;&lt;table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-style: none; margin-left: 4.65pt; width: 335px;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr style="height: 9.75pt;"&gt;   &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" rowspan="2" style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: rgb(224, 224, 224) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color windowtext; border-style: double solid solid double; border-width: 1.5pt 1pt 1pt 1.5pt; height: 9.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.2pt;" valign="bottom" width="123"&gt;&lt;div class="StyleTableheadCharNotBoldBefore0ptAfter0pt"&gt;Section&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: rgb(224, 224, 224) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: double double solid none; border-width: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1pt medium; height: 9.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.2pt;" valign="bottom" width="212"&gt;&lt;div class="StyleTableheadCharNotBoldBefore0ptAfter0pt"&gt;Flexible Option&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="height: 25.65pt;"&gt;   &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: rgb(224, 224, 224) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 25.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="106"&gt;&lt;div class="StyleTableheadCharNotBoldBefore0ptAfter0pt"&gt;Financial  Cost (Rs. In   Millions)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: rgb(224, 224, 224) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none double solid none; border-width: medium 1.5pt 1pt medium; height: 25.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="106"&gt;&lt;div class="StyleTableheadCharNotBoldBefore0ptAfter0pt"&gt;Economic Cost&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="StyleTableheadCharNotBoldBefore0ptAfter0pt"&gt;(Rs. In Millions)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="height: 11.4pt;"&gt;   &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid double double; border-width: medium 1pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 11.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.2pt;" valign="bottom" width="123"&gt;&lt;div class="StyleflowNotLatinBoldNotShadow" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Kuttipuram- Edapally&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid double none; border-width: medium 1pt 1.5pt medium; height: 11.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="106"&gt;&lt;div class="StyleflowNotLatinBoldNotShadow" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;13955.1&lt;span style="background-color: yellow;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none double double none; border-width: medium 1.5pt 1.5pt medium; height: 11.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="106"&gt;&lt;div class="StyleflowNotLatinBoldNotShadow" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;12559.6&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div class="ParagraphCharChar" style="margin: 6pt 0in;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="ParagraphCharChar" style="margin: 6pt 0in;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Cost Estimate  for 4-6 laning of Kuttipuram – Edapally Section&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 5.15pt; width: 594px;"&gt;&lt;thead&gt;&lt;tr style="height: 14.9pt;"&gt;    &lt;td style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: rgb(224, 224, 224) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color windowtext; border-style: double solid solid double; border-width: 1.5pt 1pt 1pt 1.5pt; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.3pt;" width="74"&gt;&lt;div class="TableHead"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;BILL NO.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: rgb(224, 224, 224) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: windowtext black windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: double solid solid none; border-width: 1.5pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 284.25pt;" width="379"&gt;&lt;div class="TableHead"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow',sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;BILL NAME&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: rgb(224, 224, 224) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: double double solid none; border-width: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1pt medium; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.95pt;" width="141"&gt;&lt;div class="TableHead"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow',sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;AMOUNT (Rs.)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;    &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/thead&gt;  &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr style="height: 14.9pt;"&gt;   &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid double; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 1.5pt; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.3pt;" width="74"&gt;&lt;div class="flow"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt;"&gt;1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 284.25pt;" width="379"&gt;&lt;div class="flow"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow',sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"&gt;SITE   CLEARANCE AND DISMANTLING&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none double solid none; border-width: medium 1.5pt 1pt medium; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.95pt;" width="141"&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="flow" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt;"&gt;17,215,348 &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="height: 14.9pt;"&gt;   &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid double; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 1.5pt; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.3pt;" width="74"&gt;&lt;div class="flow"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt;"&gt;2&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 284.25pt;" width="379"&gt;&lt;div class="flow"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow',sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"&gt;EARTH   WORK&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none double solid none; border-width: medium 1.5pt 1pt medium; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.95pt;" width="141"&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="flow" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt;"&gt;497,948,090 &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="height: 14.9pt;"&gt;   &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid double; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 1.5pt; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.3pt;" width="74"&gt;&lt;div class="flow"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt;"&gt;3&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 284.25pt;" width="379"&gt;&lt;div class="flow"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow',sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"&gt;SUB-BASE   AND BASE COURSES&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none double solid none; border-width: medium 1.5pt 1pt medium; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.95pt;" width="141"&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="flow" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt;"&gt;1,696,670,777 &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="height: 14.9pt;"&gt;   &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid double; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 1.5pt; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.3pt;" width="74"&gt;&lt;div class="flow"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt;"&gt;4&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 284.25pt;" width="379"&gt;&lt;div class="flow"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow',sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"&gt;BITUMINOUS   WORKS&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none double solid none; border-width: medium 1.5pt 1pt medium; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.95pt;" width="141"&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="flow" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt;"&gt;1,490,591,381 &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="height: 14.9pt;"&gt;   &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid double; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 1.5pt; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.3pt;" width="74"&gt;&lt;div class="flow"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt;"&gt;5&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 284.25pt;" width="379"&gt;&lt;div class="flow"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow',sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"&gt;CROSS   DRAINAGE WORKS&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none double solid none; border-width: medium 1.5pt 1pt medium; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.95pt;" width="141"&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="flow" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt;"&gt;298,189,283 &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="height: 18.2pt;"&gt;   &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid double; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 1.5pt; height: 18.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.3pt;" width="74"&gt;&lt;div class="flow"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt;"&gt;6&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 18.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 284.25pt;" width="379"&gt;&lt;div class="flow"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow',sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"&gt;NEW   BRIDGES AND UNDER PASSES&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none double solid none; border-width: medium 1.5pt 1pt medium; height: 18.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.95pt;" width="141"&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="flow" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt;"&gt;3,442,290,179 &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="height: 14.9pt;"&gt;   &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid double; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 1.5pt; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.3pt;" width="74"&gt;&lt;div class="flow"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt;"&gt;7&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 284.25pt;" width="379"&gt;&lt;div class="flow"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow',sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"&gt;ROAD   OVER BRIDGES (ROB'S)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none double solid none; border-width: medium 1.5pt 1pt medium; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.95pt;" width="141"&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="flow" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt;"&gt;198,759,957 &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="height: 14.9pt;"&gt;   &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid double; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 1.5pt; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.3pt;" width="74"&gt;&lt;div class="flow"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt;"&gt;8&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 284.25pt;" width="379"&gt;&lt;div class="flow"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow',sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"&gt;TRAFFIC   SIGNAGES, ROAD MARKING  AND OTHER APPURTENANCES&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none double solid none; border-width: medium 1.5pt 1pt medium; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.95pt;" width="141"&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="flow" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt;"&gt;106,968,600 &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="height: 14.9pt;"&gt;   &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid double; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 1.5pt; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.3pt;" width="74"&gt;&lt;div class="flow"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt;"&gt;9&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 284.25pt;" width="379"&gt;&lt;div class="flow"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow',sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"&gt;PROTECTIVE   WORKS, DUCTS  &amp;amp; OTHER SERVICES&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none double solid none; border-width: medium 1.5pt 1pt medium; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.95pt;" width="141"&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="flow" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt;"&gt;640,246,019 &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="height: 14.9pt;"&gt;   &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid double; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 1.5pt; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.3pt;" width="74"&gt;&lt;div class="flow"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt;"&gt;10&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 284.25pt;" width="379"&gt;&lt;div class="flow"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow',sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"&gt;ELECTRICAL   WORKS&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none double solid none; border-width: medium 1.5pt 1pt medium; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.95pt;" width="141"&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="flow" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt;"&gt;123,456,650 &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="height: 14.9pt;"&gt;   &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid double; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 1.5pt; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.3pt;" width="74"&gt;&lt;div class="flow"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt;"&gt;11&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 284.25pt;" width="379"&gt;&lt;div class="flow"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow',sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"&gt;TOLL   PLAZA&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none double solid none; border-width: medium 1.5pt 1pt medium; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.95pt;" width="141"&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="flow" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt;"&gt;170,357,894 &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="height: 14.9pt;"&gt;   &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid double; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 1.5pt; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.3pt;" width="74"&gt;&lt;div class="flow"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt;"&gt;12&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 284.25pt;" width="379"&gt;&lt;div class="flow"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow',sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"&gt;REPAIR   AND REHABILITATION&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none double solid none; border-width: medium 1.5pt 1pt medium; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.95pt;" width="141"&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="flow" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt;"&gt;57,279,451 &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="height: 14.9pt;"&gt;   &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid double; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 1.5pt; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.3pt;" width="74"&gt;&lt;div class="flow"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt;"&gt;13&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 284.25pt;" width="379"&gt;&lt;div class="flow"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow',sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"&gt;MISCELLANEOUS&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none double solid none; border-width: medium 1.5pt 1pt medium; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.95pt;" width="141"&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="flow" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt;"&gt;98,165,867 &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="height: 14.9pt;"&gt;   &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid double; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 1.5pt; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.3pt;" width="74"&gt;&lt;div class="flow"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 284.25pt;" width="379"&gt;&lt;div class="flow"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow',sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"&gt;TOTAL   CONSTRUCTION COST&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none double solid none; border-width: medium 1.5pt 1pt medium; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.95pt;" width="141"&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow',sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;8,838,139,543&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="height: 14.9pt;"&gt;   &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid double; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 1.5pt; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.3pt;" width="74"&gt;&lt;div class="flow"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 284.25pt;" width="379"&gt;&lt;div class="flow"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow',sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"&gt;10&amp;amp;   escalation for one  year (crores)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none double solid none; border-width: medium 1.5pt 1pt medium; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.95pt;" width="141"&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow',sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;928.001&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="height: 14.9pt;"&gt;   &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid double; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 1.5pt; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.3pt;" width="74"&gt;&lt;div class="flow"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 284.25pt;" width="379"&gt;&lt;div class="flow"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow',sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"&gt;TOTAL   CONCESSIONAIRE  COST(crores)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none double solid none; border-width: medium 1.5pt 1pt medium; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.95pt;" valign="top" width="141"&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="StyleflowNotLatinBoldNotShadow" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow',sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"&gt;1144.957&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="height: 14.9pt;"&gt;   &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid double; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 1.5pt; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.3pt;" width="74"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoBodyText"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 284.25pt;" width="379"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoBodyText"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;TOTAL LENGTH OF PROJECT ROAD (KM)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none double solid none; border-width: medium 1.5pt 1pt medium; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.95pt;" valign="top" width="141"&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="StyleflowNotLatinBoldNotShadow" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt;"&gt;111.73&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="height: 14.9pt;"&gt;   &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid double; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 1.5pt; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.3pt;" width="74"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoBodyText"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 284.25pt;" width="379"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoBodyText"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;PER KM COST ( CRORES )&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none double solid none; border-width: medium 1.5pt 1pt medium; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.95pt;" valign="top" width="141"&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="StyleflowNotLatinBoldNotShadow" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt;"&gt;10.25&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="height: 14.9pt;"&gt;   &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid double; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 1.5pt; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.3pt;" width="74"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoBodyText"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 284.25pt;" width="379"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoBodyText"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;NHAI COST&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none double solid none; border-width: medium 1.5pt 1pt medium; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.95pt;" valign="top" width="141"&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="StyleflowNotLatinBoldNotShadow" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="height: 14.9pt;"&gt;   &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid double; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 1.5pt; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.3pt;" width="74"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoBodyText"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 284.25pt;" width="379"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoBodyText"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;LAND ACQUISITION, ENVIRONMENTAL  MITIGATION,R&amp;amp;R, UTILITY SHIFTING   ETC., (CRORES )&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none double solid none; border-width: medium 1.5pt 1pt medium; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.95pt;" valign="top" width="141"&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="StyleflowNotLatinBoldNotShadow" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt;"&gt;485.20&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="height: 14.9pt;"&gt;   &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid double; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 1.5pt; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.3pt;" width="74"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoBodyText"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 284.25pt;" width="379"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoBodyText"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;TOTAL NHAI COST ( CRORES )&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none double solid none; border-width: medium 1.5pt 1pt medium; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.95pt;" valign="top" width="141"&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="StyleflowNotLatinBoldNotShadow" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt;"&gt;485.20&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="height: 14.9pt;"&gt;   &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid double; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 1.5pt; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.3pt;" width="74"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoBodyText"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 284.25pt;" width="379"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoBodyText"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;TOTAL PROJECT COST ( CONCESSIONAIRE + NHAI COST )  (crores)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none double solid none; border-width: medium 1.5pt 1pt medium; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.95pt;" valign="top" width="141"&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="StyleflowNotLatinBoldNotShadow" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow',sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"&gt;1630.16&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="height: 14.9pt;"&gt;   &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid double double; border-width: medium 1pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.3pt;" width="74"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoBodyText"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid double none; border-width: medium 1pt 1.5pt medium; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 284.25pt;" width="379"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoBodyText"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;TOTAL PROJECT PER KM COST ( CRORES )&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none double double none; border-width: medium 1.5pt 1.5pt medium; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.95pt;" valign="top" width="141"&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="StyleflowNotLatinBoldNotShadow" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt;"&gt;14.59&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: AnjaliOldLipi; font-size: small;"&gt;കമ്പനികള്‍ക്ക്‌ അവര്‍ നിര്‍മ്മിക്കുന്ന  സൗകര്യങ്ങള്‍ക്കു മാത്രമേ ചുങ്കപ്പിരിവു നടത്താന്‍ അധികാരമുള്ളൂ എന്നിരിക്കെ  നിലവിലുള്ള റോഡിനെ വികസിപ്പിക്കുന്നതിന്‌ മാത്രം 30 വര്‍ഷം ചുങ്കപ്പിരിവിന്‌ അനുമതി  നല്‍കുന്നതിനു പുറമെ സംസ്ഥാനസര്‍ക്കാരിന്റെ ചിലവില്‍ സ്ഥലമേറ്റെടുത്തുകൊടുക്കുകയും  40% സബ്‌സിഡി അതിനായി നല്‍കുകയും ചെയ്യുന്നു. അഥവാ 60% ത്തിലധികം നിര്‍മ്മാണം  കേന്ദ്രഗവണ്‍മെന്റ്‌ പൊതുജനത്തിന്റെ ചെലവില്‍ നടത്തുമ്പോള്‍ 40ശതമാനം നിര്‍മ്മാണം  മാത്രം നടത്തുന്ന കുത്തകമുതലാളിക്ക്‌ കണക്കുവെക്കാതെ പിരിക്കാന്‍ വഴിയൊരുക്കുന്നത്‌  എന്തടിസ്ഥാനത്തിലാണ്‌? മട്ടാഞ്ചേരി പാലം ചുങ്കപ്പിരിവിന്‌ വിട്ടുകൊടുത്ത്‌ ആറു  വര്‍ഷം (കാലാവധി) കഴിഞ്ഞിട്ടും ഒരു കണക്കും സര്‍ക്കാരിനെ ബോധിപ്പിക്കാതെ 'തുക  പിരിഞ്ഞുകിട്ടിയില്ല' എന്ന ന്യായവും പറഞ്ഞ്‌ ടോള്‍ പിരിവ്‌ തുടരുന്നത്‌ നാം  കാണാത്തതല്ല. ആയതിനാല്‍ തന്നെ ഇങ്ങിനെയൊരു പാത നിര്‍ദ്ദേശം വന്നപ്പോള്‍ തന്നെ  തള്ളിക്കളയേതായിരുന്നു.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: AnjaliOldLipi; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;ചില യാഥാര്‍ത്ഥ്യങ്ങള്‍&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: AnjaliOldLipi; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;മുമ്പ്‌ മുനീര്‍ സാഹിബ്‌  നടപ്പാക്കാനുദ്ദേശിച്ച ഇടപ്പള്ളി- പനവേല്‍ മെഗാ എക്‌സ്‌പ്രസ്‌ വേ പ്രൊജക്‌ട്‌  തള്ളിക്കളഞ്ഞ അതേ എല്‍ഡിഎഫുകാര്‍ തന്നെ പുതിയ പ്രൊജക്‌ട്‌ തങ്ങളുടെ പൂര്‍ണ്ണമായ  രാഷ്‌ട്രീയ സാമ്പത്തിക ശക്തിയുപയോഗിച്ച്‌ അടിച്ചേല്‍പ്പിക്കുമ്പോള്‍, 1300 കോടി  രൂപയ്‌ക്ക്‌ നടപ്പാക്കാനുദ്ദേശിച്ച വടക്കഞ്ചേരി -വാളയാര്‍ നാലുവരിപ്പാത +  വടക്കഞ്ചേരി -തൃശ്ശൂര്‍ ആറുവരിപ്പാത (232 കി.മീ)പ്രൊജക്‌ട്‌ ഏറ്റെടുക്കാന്‍  കമ്പനികളില്ലാതെ കെട്ടിക്കിടക്കുന്നു. 11523.95 കിലോമീറ്റര്‍ നാഷണല്‍ ഹൈവേയുള്ള  കേരളത്തില്‍ ആകെ 33.6കിലോമീറ്റര്‍ നാലുവരിപ്പാതയും (എറണാകുളം -അങ്കമാലി)  നാലുവരിപ്പാതയും 411 കിലോമീറ്റര്‍ രുവരിപ്പാതയും മാത്രമേയുള്ളൂ. ഉദ്ദേശിക്കുന്ന  ഇടപ്പള്ളി- കുറ്റിപ്പുറം 120കിലോമീറ്റര്‍ നാലുവരിപ്പാതയ്‌ക്ക്‌ NHAI 3000 കോടി  രൂപയാണ്‌ നീക്കിവെക്കുന്നത്‌. ബാക്കിവരുന്ന 9000 കോടി രൂപയെ സംസ്ഥാനസര്‍ക്കാരിന്റെ  സബ്‌സിഡി 4800 കോടി രൂപയായിരിക്കും. പുനരധിവാസ ഫ്‌ പൊതുഖജനാവില്‍ നിന്നും  ചിലവഴിക്കപ്പെടുന്നു. ഒരു കിലോമീറ്റര്‍ നിര്‍ദ്ദിഷ്‌ഠ പാത നിര്‍മ്മിക്കാന്‍ 15കോടി  രൂപ ചെലവഴിക്കുമ്പോള്‍ അതേ ഒരു കിലോമീറ്ററില്‍ പ്രതിവര്‍ഷം 6 കോടി രൂപ  പിരിക്കാനാവും എന്നാണ്‌ പ്രൊജക്‌ട്‌ ടെന്‍ഡര്‍ സൂചിപ്പിക്കുന്നത്‌. എന്നിട്ടും നീ  30 വര്‍ഷത്തേക്കാണ്‌ കരാര്‍. &lt;br /&gt;എന്‍.എച്ച്‌ 47ല്‍ മണ്ണുത്തി - അങ്കമാലി  സ്ഥലമുടമകള്‍ സ്ഥലം വിട്ടുകൊടുത്ത്‌ പണം വാങ്ങി ദുരന്തം വരിച്ചവരാണ്‌. കിടപ്പാടം  കെത്താനാവാതെ ആത്മഹത്യചെയ്‌ത വൃദ്ധദമ്പതികളുടെ വാര്‍ത്തയെങ്കിലും അധികൃതരുടെ കണ്ണു  തുറപ്പിക്കേതാണ്‌. രുസെന്റു സ്ഥലത്ത്‌ ചെറിയ വീട്ടില്‍ താമസിക്കുന്ന രു  സഹോദരന്‍മാരുടെ കുടുംബവും കൊച്ചുകുട്ടികളടക്കം ഇന്നു പെരുവഴിയില്‍ നില്‍ക്കുന്നു. 3  ആണ്‍മക്കളും 3 പെണ്‍മക്കളുമുള്ള ഒരു വിധവയുടെ വീടും ഏകവരുമാനമാര്‍ഗ്ഗമായ ഹോട്ടലും  കുടിയൊഴിപ്പിക്കപ്പെട്ടു. തുടര്‍ നടപടിപ്രകാരം അവര്‍ ഇപ്പോള്‍ പാര്‍ക്കുന്ന ഷെഡ്ഡും  ഒഴിഞ്ഞുകൊടുക്കേിവരും. ഇവര്‍ക്കൊക്കെയും നല്‍കിയ നഷ്‌ടപരിഹാരതുക പുനരധിവാസത്തിന്‌  അപര്യാപ്‌തമാണ്‌.&lt;br /&gt;മലപ്പുറത്ത്‌ വെന്നിയൂരില്‍ NH17&amp;nbsp; 45 മീറ്റര്‍ അക്വയര്‍  ചെയ്‌താല്‍ പൊളിച്ചുനീക്കേിവരുമായിരുന്ന രു വമ്പന്‍ വ്യവസായസ്ഥാപനങ്ങളെ അനധികൃതമായ  രീതിയില്‍ സഹായിക്കാന്‍ പ്രൊജക്‌ട്‌ രൂപരേഖ മാറ്റിവരച്ചപ്പോള്‍ അന്‍പതോളം  കുടുംബങ്ങളാണ്‌ തെരുവിലാവുന്നത്‌. NH17 സ്വകാര്യവല്‍ക്കരണം പുറംലോകമറിയാതിരിക്കാന്‍  ദേശത്തെ മുഴുവന്‍ മാധ്യമങ്ങളുടെയും വാ മൂടിക്കെട്ടിയിട്ടു്‌. സാമ്പത്തികമായ പല  കൈകടത്തലുകളും ഇതിനു പുറകിലു്‌ എന്നാണ്‌ അറിവ്‌. മുസ്ലിം ലീഗ്‌, സോളിഡാരിറ്റി,  സിപിഐ(എംഎല്‍), ജനതാദള്‍, ഇടതുപക്ഷഏകോപനസമിതി തുടങ്ങി പല രാഷ്‌ട്രീയപാര്‍ട്ടികളും  സംയോജിച്ച്‌ ദേശീയപാത കുടിയിറക്ക്‌ -സ്വകാര്യവല്‍ക്കരണത്തിന്‌ എതിരെ ഉയര്‍ത്തുന്ന  ശബ്‌ദങ്ങളൊന്നും തന്നെ പുറംലോകം ഇന്നുവരെ അറിഞ്ഞിട്ടില്ല. മാധ്യമശ്രദ്ധ  കടന്നുവന്നിട്ടുെങ്കില്‍ക്കൂടിയും അവര്‍ക്കും ഇതിനെ പ്രക്ഷേപണം ചെയ്യാന്‍  സാധിക്കുന്നില്ല. &lt;br /&gt;തൃശൂരില്‍ ദേശീയപാത സ്വകാര്യവല്‍ക്കരണത്തിന്റെ ഭാഗമായി  ഒഴിഞ്ഞുപോകാന്‍ സര്‍ക്കാര്‍ കൊടുത്ത നോട്ടിഫിക്കേഷനുമായി പ്രകടനം നടത്തിയവരെ  പോലീസ്‌ തുടക്കത്തിലെ അറസ്റ്റ്‌ ചെയ്‌ത്‌ പ്രകടനം അലങ്കോലപ്പെടുത്തി. പൂര്‍ണ്ണമായും  അടിച്ചമര്‍ത്തു രീതിയില്‍ നടപ്പാക്കുന്ന ഈ പ്രൊജക്‌ട്‌ നടപ്പിലായാല്‍ നമ്മുടെ  രാഷ്‌ട്രീയ ചരിത്രത്തിലെതന്നെ തേച്ചാലും മായ്‌ച്ചാലും പോകാത്ത കറയായി മാറുമെന്ന്‌  നിസ്സംശയം പറയാം.&lt;br /&gt;വരും കാലത്ത്‌ നടപ്പിലാക്കാനായി ഇനിയും ഏട്ടിലിരിക്കുന്ന  കളമശ്ശേരി-വല്ലാര്‍പാടം നാലുവരിപ്പാത, മുതുകുന്നം -കൊച്ചി തീരദേശ നാലുവരിപ്പാത,  നോര്‍ത്ത്‌പറവൂര്‍ -കൊച്ചി നാലുവരിപ്പാത (GIDDA) NH17 നേയും NH47 നേയും  കൂട്ടിച്ചേര്‍ക്കുന്ന നാലുവരി റിങ്ങ്‌റോഡ്‌ മുതലായവകൂടി നടപ്പിലാവുമ്പോള്‍  കേരളംപോലൊരു കൊച്ചു സംസ്ഥാനത്ത്‌ തീരദേശകേരളവും കിഴക്കന്‍കേരളവും തമ്മില്‍ പുലബന്ധം  പോലുമില്ലാത്ത അവസ്ഥയായിരിക്കും സംജാതമാകുക.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;പാതകള്‍  ജനങ്ങളുടേതാണ്‌ അവരെ പുറത്താക്കരുത്‌&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: AnjaliOldLipi; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;പരിസ്ഥിതി സൗഹൃദം പുലര്‍ത്തുന്ന ഇക്കോ  ഫ്ര്‌ലി റോഡുകള്‍ അതും ഏറ്റവും കുറഞ്ഞ സ്ഥലത്ത്‌ കൂടിയ സൗകര്യങ്ങളോടെ  നടപ്പിലാക്കാന്‍ ഈ സര്‍ക്കാര്‍ പുനരധിവാസത്തിന്‌ ചെലവഴിക്കുന്ന തുക മാത്രം  മതിയാകും. എന്നിട്ടും ഇതിലേക്ക്‌ കുത്തകകളെ തിരുകി കയറ്റുന്നതിന്റെ ആവശ്യകത  മനസ്സിലാകുന്നില്ല. ജനലക്ഷങ്ങള്‍ക്ക്‌ റോഡുനിഷേധിക്കുന്നതും ലക്ഷങ്ങളെ  കുടിയിറക്കുന്നതും ലക്ഷങ്ങളുടെ തൊഴിലും ജീവനോപാധിയും നഷ്‌ടപ്പെടുത്തുന്നതും  ശതകോടിക്കണക്കിന്‌ രൂപയുടെ ആസ്‌തി തച്ചുതകര്‍ക്കുന്നതും കാലഹരണപ്പെട്ട  സാങ്കേതികവിദ്യ നമ്മില്‍ കെട്ടിയേല്‍പ്പിക്കുന്നതും രാജ്യത്തിന്റെ ചിലവുകള്‍  വന്‍തോതില്‍ വര്‍ദ്ധിപ്പിക്കുന്നതുമെല്ലാമായ ഒരു നിര്‍മ്മിതി, വികസനമെന്ന വ്യാജേന  കൊാടുന്നത്‌ അനുവദനീയമേയല്ല. വ്യോമഗതാഗതം കഴിഞ്ഞാല്‍ ഏറ്റവും ചെലവേറിയതാണ്‌ റോഡു  ഗതാഗതം. ആഗോളതാപനത്തിനിടയാക്കുന്ന കാര്‍ബണ്‍ ബഹിര്‍ഗമനം കുറയ്‌ക്കേത്‌ നമ്മുടെ  നിലനില്‍പിന്റെ പ്രശ്‌നമാണ്‌. എണ്ണശേഖരം കരുതി ഉപയോഗിച്ചില്ലെങ്കില്‍ അതും പ്രശ്‌നം  സങ്കീര്‍ണ്ണമാക്കും. വികസിത രാഷ്‌ട്രങ്ങളോട്‌ അതിവേഗപാതകളും ആര്‍ഭാടവാഹനങ്ങളും  അടങ്ങുന്ന വികസന ധൂര്‍ത്ത്‌ അവസാനിപ്പിക്കാനാണ്‌ നാം ആവശ്യപ്പെടുന്നത്‌. സാങ്കേതിക  വളര്‍ച്ചപോലും പുതുവഴി തേടുന്ന ഇന്ന്‌ കാലഹരണപ്പെട്ടതും പ്രതിസന്ധിയിലകപ്പെട്ടതുമായ  ഒരു വികസനതന്ത്രം നമ്മുടെ ചുമലില്‍ വച്ചുകെട്ടാന്‍ ശ്രമിക്കുന്ന വികസിത  രാഷ്‌ട്രങ്ങള്‍ അവരുടെ സാമ്പത്തിക പ്രതിസന്ധിയും വ്യവസായരംഗത്തെ തകര്‍ച്ചയും  ഓട്ടോമൊബൈല്‍ മാര്‍ക്കറ്റിങ്ങും നാമുമായി വച്ചുമാറാനാണ്‌ ശ്രമിക്കുന്നത്‌. ഇത്‌  ഒരിക്കലും അനുവദിച്ചുകൂടാ. സ്വകാര്യപാതയുടെ പ്രശ്‌നങ്ങളും കുടിയിറക്കലും അത്‌  അനുഭവിക്കുന്നവന്റെ മാത്രം പ്രശ്‌നമല്ല. ഈ സങ്കീര്‍ണ്ണമായ പ്രതിസന്ധിയുടെ കൈയില്‍  നിന്നും ആരുമാരും ഒറ്റയ്‌ക്ക്‌ രക്ഷപ്പെടാനും പോകുന്നില്ല. എന്തു കാരണത്തിന്റെ  പേരിലായാല്‍പോലും ഇത്തരമൊരു ജനദ്രോഹ പദ്ധതി നമുക്ക്‌ അംഗീകരിക്കാനാകുന്നതുമല്ല.  സര്‍വ്വജനങ്ങളും രാഷ്‌ട്രീയ-സാമ്പത്തിക മതില്‍ക്കെട്ടുകള്‍ക്കപ്പുറം ഒന്നിച്ചു  കൈകോര്‍ത്ത്‌, നമ്മുടെ ജീവനും സ്വത്തുമായ പാതയെ കുത്തകവല്‍ക്കരിക്കുന്ന രാഷ്‌ട്രീയ  നിലപാടിനെതിരെ തിരിഞ്ഞുനില്‍ക്കേത്‌ അങ്ങേയറ്റം അനിവാര്യമാണ്‌.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: AnjaliOldLipi; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[Extra Text: വെന്നിയൂരിലെ കുടിയൊഴിപ്പിക്കപ്പെടുന്നവരുടെ പ്രതിഷേധത്തില്‍ പങ്കെടുക്കവെ  സ്ഥലം എംഎല്‍എ കുട്ടി അഹമ്മദ്‌കുട്ടി പറഞ്ഞ വാക്കുകള്‍. "ഞാന്‍ പഞ്ചായത്ത്‌  പ്രസിഡായിരുന്നപ്പോള്‍ മുതല്‍ പലരെയും കുടിയൊഴിപ്പിക്കല്‍ നടപടിക്ക്‌ വിധേയരാക്കേി  വന്നിട്ടു്‌. പക്ഷെ ഇന്നുവരെ അതില്‍ ആരെയും  പുനരധിവസിപ്പിക്കാനായിട്ടില്ല".]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Cambria,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;-SoorajmalayattiL-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Cambria,serif; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5729706317680322816-5638686559906296846?l=kaippizha.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://kaippizha.blogspot.com/feeds/5638686559906296846/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://kaippizha.blogspot.com/2010/02/blog-post_15.html#comment-form' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5729706317680322816/posts/default/5638686559906296846'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5729706317680322816/posts/default/5638686559906296846'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://kaippizha.blogspot.com/2010/02/blog-post_15.html' title='ബി ഓ ടി റോഡ്‌ പ്രൊജക്റ്റ്‌ ഒരു മാനുഷിക പ്രശ്നമാണ്.'/><author><name>SoorajmalayattiL</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01237437755053554836</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='30' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_-UN0cVOcDgc/TAFOYJQL4cI/AAAAAAAAAhc/HYr5Sk966TM/S220/soorajmalayattil.jpg'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5729706317680322816.post-8974902000146480816</id><published>2009-12-24T11:07:00.002+05:30</published><updated>2009-12-24T11:24:46.264+05:30</updated><title type='text'>A Forgotten Poem</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="style1 style2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: large;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Irom            Sharmila Chanu's Epic Satyagraha&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: large;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;N&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;ew private ward. All India Institute            of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi. As you enter the building, about            a dozen policemen and intelligence personnel stop you. After seeking            permission from a reluctant inspector, about five suspicious and armed            policemen stationed at the door of room number 57 carry on the interrogation            and more questions follow. &lt;/span&gt;         &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;Inside the room, a frail            young woman is lying on her back on the hospital bed in a rather awkward            position. She is doing halasan, a plough position of yoga. Her body            carefully covered with a blue blanket. Clean complexion, sharp eyes,            unkempt hair and a white strip of medical tape around her nose. Che            Guevara’s The Motorcycle Diaries is next to her head; she has            just finished reading the celebrated book on his young journeys by the            legendary revolutionary. “This is a very good exercise for kidneys            and to cure diabetes. I do it everyday for few hours.” She talks            and continues her yoga. “You can talk; it doesn’t matter            if I am doing yoga.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;A voracious reader, she has            been relentlessly reading books on Japanese folk tales, yoga, Nelson            Mandela, Che, Gandhi. Friends have been coming with gifts, diaries,            calendars and she looks forward eagerly to pass these on to other visiting            friends, her personal life being intensely sparse, stoic and simple.            She liked reading the biography of Nelson Mandela and has now sent it            to the central library of Manipur, along with the other books she happens            to come across.&lt;br /&gt;Irom Sharmila Chanu, 34, poetess, painter and Gandhian activist from            Manipur, has been on fast-unto-death since November 4, 2000, being force-fed            through a pipe in her nose. Her categorical demand — repeal the            Armed Forces Special Powers Act, 1958 (AFSPA) which gives draconian            powers to the security forces, who have used the Act brutally and repeatedly            in the northeast. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;Having completed six years            of this ‘satyagraha fast’ on November 4, this year, Sharmila            has come to symbolise the steadfast scaffolding of the movement against            the injustices committed under AFSPA and in support of the protracted            struggle for justice, human rights and peace in Manipur and the northeast.            An iconic legend in Manipur’s politics, her fast is perhaps the            longest political protest of its kind in history and in any part of            the world. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;Irom Nanda and Irom Sakhi            Devi of Kongpal Kongkham village, on the periphery of Imphal, had no            idea what was in store for their daughter, the youngest among nine siblings            (five brothers and four sisters) and dearest to all, when she was born            on March 14, 1972. “I am the youngest daughter born to an illiterate,            compassionate and strong mother — we were nine children, my eldest            brother died due to an illness. I am not important for this world, just            like a worm that can be crushed. I failed my class XII exam. I don’t            like speaking too much, but it is inevitable when someone comes to conduct            an interview,” she told a friend who has been attending her in            hospital. Sharmila never went to college. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;On the first day in hospital            after regaining little strength, Sharmila said that she did not need            assistance to wash her clothes. “This is my work. I must keep            my muscles strong. In Manipur, I cleaned the floor of my cell each day.”            She has basically remained in custody all these years.&lt;br /&gt;As a 15-day-old child, Sharmila was fed with boiled rice juice as her            mother could not breastfeed her. Few days later, brother Singhajit would            take her to “other mothers” in the neighbourhood who had            recently given birth to babies. “She was fed by many mothers of            Manipur. If any woman came to our small grocery shop with a small baby,            we would request her to feed Sharmila,” he says. “Perhaps            that is why she has grown so socially conscious and politically committed.”            &lt;br /&gt;As she grew up and “when I look back now, I realise I had a few            different habits as a child. I used to sit in the Shiva temple, close            to my house, and talk about regular, everyday things,” says Sharmila.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;When doctors at AIIMS insisted            that she must seek discharge from the hospital and the police complicated            the issue by saying she would not be allowed out, she realised these            were nothing but pressure tactics. Anguished that the doctors would            ask her to pay the hospital bill, she told a friend: “What do            they want from me? I possess nothing, only my organs.” As expected,            the hard years of continuous fasting have taken their toll on her health            and her fasting is now having a direct impact on her body’s normal            functioning. Apart from other medical problems she has developed, her            bones have reportedly become brittle. The doctors at AIIMS have not            released any medical report on her health. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;“I need to keep myself            healthy. The force-feeding is completely unnatural.” She walks            for about two hours, if given permission, in the hospital corridor with            at least one security personnel stationed at each side of the corridor.            “I must be strong. I have to fight.” Apart from learning            shorthand, Sharmila has also completed a course in yoga and naturopathy.            &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;When she began her fast on            November 4, 2000, most people had little inkling of her resolve. Some            of them shrugged it off, others took it non-seriously, a handful ridiculed            it. But for Sharmila, life had taken a different turn, a tough long-distance            journey with a clear destination, a U-turn with no return ticket. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;The decision to go on long            fast, though well-thought over, was not an action planned well in advance.            In fact, Sharmila had joined the anti-AFSPA movement just two weeks            before she began fasting. A three-member Indian People’s Inquiry            Committee (IPIC) headed by Justice H Suresh had visited Manipur in the            second week of October in 2000. The committee travelled to various areas            of Manipur and met a number of victims, their relatives and friends,            to hear their tales of injustice – cases of rape, violence, killings            and disappearances. It held workshops and extensive discussions with            human rights lawyers, journalists, academics and others. Sharmila was            a part of this process as a volunteer and that was her first political            participation and initiation. During the IPIC investigations, she was            particularly shaken by the testimony of a young girl who was raped by            the security forces at Lamden village. Sharmila and two other women            volunteers had privately talked to the girl. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;As the IPIC completed its            investigations by the third week of October, something had already sparked            inside Sharmila’s soul by now. For the next few days, she met            with several human rights activists, lawyers and journalists to learn            more about repressive laws, army atrocities and AFSPA in particular.            &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;On November 2, 2000, security            forces fired at and killed 10 innocent people waiting at a bus stop            at Malom, about 15 km from Imphal. That was a Thursday when Sharmila            would observe her weekly fast since her childhood. “The same fast            continues till date, though she declared it on November 4,” brother            Singhajit informs.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;Though there was nothing            new for the people in Manipur about the Malom massacre as they had witnessed            similar cold-blooded killings before when the security forces would            go berserk and kill ordinary people, Sharmila could not bear the sight            of the blood spilled on the street. That single event changed her life.            By now she had already taken a decision. She went to her mother on the            evening of November 4 and took her blessings “to do something            better for the people”. That was the last time the mother and            daughter saw each other. “My mother knows everything about my            decision. She is extremely simple, but she has the courage to let me            do my bounden duty… My mother has given me her blessings. If I            meet her, it may weaken both of us.” Ever since, Sharmila has            not combed her hair, not looked into the mirror and not a single drop            of water has crossed her mouth. She cleans her teeth with dry cotton.            &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;Armed with her mother’s            blessings, Sharmila headed straight to the site of the bloodbath. And            thus began her historic, peaceful fast. By November 21, she was arrested            on charges of ‘attempt to suicide’. The administration began            force-feeding her nasally, confining her to the Jawaharlal Nehru Hospital            in Imphal. It has been six years since. Under judicial custody, she            has refused to break her fast or seek bail. As is the pattern, on the            completion of one year, she is released by the court, as the maximum            sentence given to her for ‘attempting suicide’ can’t            exceed one year. She is repeatedly rearrested within 2-3 days as she            continues her fast without water. And this yearly cycle continues, till            date.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;An iconic legend, her fast            is perhaps the longest political protest of its kind in history in any            part of the world. She symbolises the steadfast scaffolding of the movement            against injustice&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;“I was shocked to see            the dead bodies. There was no means to stop further violations by the            armed forces…. It (fast) is the most effective way because it            is based on a spiritual fight… My fast is on behalf of the people            of Manipur. This is not a personal battle, it is symbolic. It is a symbol            of truth, love and peace,” she says.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;This year, on October 3,            as she was again released by the court, her brother and a friend kept            her away from the media limelight for one night. Next day, dodging media            and security personnel, they literally smuggled her out of Manipur.            She landed in Delhi the same day, in an attempt to highlight the issue            nationally. From the airport, she headed straight to Rajghat to pay            homage to Mahatma Gandhi’s &lt;samadhi&gt;. “If Gandhiji            were alive today, he would have launched a movement against the AFSPA.            My appeal to the citizens of the country is to join the struggle against            AFSPA,” Sharmila told journalists. Later that day, Sharmila went            to Jantar Mantar and continued her fast with a stream of people coming            to express support. Three days later, in a midnight swoop, police picked            her up and admitted her in AIIMS. &lt;/samadhi&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;Sharmila is not alone in            her struggle. Women in the northeast have a history of concerted political            action, intense resistance and sacrifice, especially the great mothers            of Manipur. Sharmila is continuing that legacy, taking it to new heights.            The state erupted in flames in 2004, after the brutal rape and murder            of a young woman activist, Thangjam Manorama Devi, by the Assam Rifles            personnel. The brutal incident triggered an unprecedented form of protest            by Manipuri women that shook the nation’s conscience. In an attempt            to draw the attention of an insensitive and cold-blooded security and            political establishment in Imphal and Delhi, otherwise obsessed with            giving its army and police unrestricted powers in the name of national            security, Manipuri mothers, for the first time, turned to their bodies            to give vent to their resentment. They bared themselves in front of            the Assam Rifles headquarters in Imphal and challenged the army to rape            them. “Come Indian Army, Rape Us,” said their banner, as            they protested, fully naked. &lt;br /&gt;Meanwhile, Sharmila continues her fast, in custody, confined to a room            in AIIMS, writing poetry, reading books, doing yoga. The struggle against            AFSPA continues. In Manipur and in Delhi. Indomitable, firm and resolute,            Sharmila’s clarity is lucid; she is in no mood to turn back. “Unless            and until they remove the AFSPA, I shall never stop my fasting.”            &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;In her satyagraha for truth            and justice, in her pain and suffering against the violence of the State            against its own citizens, this gutsy woman is trying to make a simple            point. But will the ‘largest democracy in the world’ ever            get this message and act – for the sake of humanity?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"&gt;(COURTESY: www.countercurrents.org17 November, 2006&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #cc0000;"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: large;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;THE UNLIKELY        OUTLAW&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;      &lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;The immensity of Irom          Sharmila Chanu’s now six-year-old protest is matched only by the          paralysing indifference of the State and the national media, &lt;br /&gt;says &lt;b&gt;Shoma Chaudhury&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="4" height="194" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; width: 183px;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="1" hspace="4" src="http://www.tehelka.com/channels/News/2006/Dec/09/images/The_unlikely_CS.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;An ordinary November            evening in Delhi. A slow halting voice breaks into your consciousness.            “How shall I explain? It is not a punishment, but my bounden duty…”            A haunting phrase in a haunting voice, made slow with pain yet magnetic            in its moral force. “My bounden duty.” What can be bounden            duty in an India bursting with the excitements of its economic boom?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt; You are tempted            to walk away. You are busy and the voice is not violent in its beckoning.            But then an image starts to take shape. A frail, fair woman on a hospital            bed. A tousled head of jet black curls. A plastic tube thrust into the            nose. Slim, clean hands. Intent, almond eyes. And the halting, haunting            voice. Speaking of bounden duty. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;That’s when            the enormous story of Irom Sharmila begins to seep in. You are in the            presence of something historic. Something unparalleled in the history            of political protest anywhere in the world ever. Yet you have been oblivious            of it. A hundred TV channels. An unprecedented age of media. Yet you            are oblivious of it.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt; Irom Sharmila,            34, has not eaten anything, or drunk a single drop of water for six            years. Six years. She has been forcibly kept alive by a drip thrust            down her nose by the Indian State. For six years, nothing solid has            entered her body. Not a drop of water has touched her lips. She has            not combed her hair. She cleans her teeth with dry cotton and her lips            with dry spirit so she will not sully her fast. Her body is wasted inside.            Her menstrual cycles have stopped. Yet she is resolute. Whenever she            can, she removes the tube from her nose. It is her bounden duty, she            says, to make her voice heard in “the most reasonable and peaceful            way”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt; Yet we have remained            oblivious to it. The Indian State has remained oblivious to it.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt; For six years,            Irom Sharmila has been protesting the indefensible Armed Forces Special            Powers Act (1958) that has been imposed in Manipur and most of the Northeast            since 1980. The Act allows the army to use force, shoot, or arrest anyone            without warrant, on the mere suspicion that someone has committed or            was about to commit a cognisable offence. The Act further prohibits            any legal or judicial proceeding against army personnel without the            previous sanction of the Central Government. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;Draconian in letter,            the Act has been even more draconian in spirit. Since it was imposed,            by official admission alone, more than 20,000 people have been killed            in Manipur. Rather than curb insurgent groups, it has engendered a seething            resentment across the land, and fostered new militancies. When the Act            came into force in 1980, there were only four insurgent groups in Manipur.            Today there are 25 on the government’s own watch-list. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;A few years ago,            an unedited cd began doing the rounds in civil society circles. It showed            footage of humiliating army brutality and public rage. Images of young            children, students, working-class mothers and grandmothers taking to            the streets, being tear-gassed and shot at. Images of men made to lie            down while the army shot at the ground inches above their heads. Images            of a group of young men in Lamlai rounded up and forced to beat each            other with sticks. With each passing day, the stories gathered fury.            Disappeared boys, raped women. Human life stripped of its most essential            commodity: dignity. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="4" height="167" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; width: 198px;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;             &lt;td bgcolor="#efefef" valign="top"&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;The power of Sharmila’s                  story is in her pure,                  untutored vulnerability.                  If you are looking for the clichéd heat of heroism, you                  will be disappointed&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;           &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;By all accounts,            Manipur has been a wasteland of fear and counter-fear for decades. A            kind of despair runs in its veins. When ordinary people leave their            homes, they are uncertain if they will return. There is no electricity.            The countryside is dark. Everyone is fair game. The army on one side,            rival insurgents on the other. And the crippling disinterest of mainland            India everywhere. Tell the State force is no way to deal with such unrest            and it is unimpressed. Creativity and agility are not attributes governments            understand. &lt;/span&gt;         &lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;For young Irom Sharmila,            things came to a head on November 2, 2000. A day earlier, an insurgent            group had bombed an army column. Enraged, the 8th Assam Rifles retaliated            by gunning down 10 innocent civilians at a bus-stand in Malom. The local            papers published brutal pictures of the bodies the next day, including            one of a 62-year old woman, Leisangbam Ibetomi, and 18-year old Sinam            Chandramani, a 1988 National Child Bravery Award winner. Extraordinarily            stirred, on November 4, Irom (then 28) began her fast. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;Six years later,            sprawled in an icy white hospital corridor in Delhi on a cold November            evening, Singhajit, Irom’s 48-year-old elder brother, says half-laughing,            “How we reach here?” In the echo chambers of that plangent            question lies the incredible story of Irom Sharmila and her journey.            Much of that story must be intuited. Its tensile strength, its intense,            almost preternatural act of imagination is not on easy display. The            faraway hut in Imphal where it began. The capital city now and the might            of the State ranged against them. The sister jailed inside her tiny            hospital room, he outside with nothing but the clothes on his back,            neither well versed in either English or Hindi, and a posse of policemen            at the door. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;Menghaobi, the people            of Manipur call her, The Fair One. Youngest daughter of an illiterate            Grade 1V worker in a veterinary hospital in Imphal, Irom was always            a solitary child, the backbencher, the listener. Eight siblings had            come before her. By the time she was born, her mother Irom Shakhi, 44,            was dry. When dusk fell, and Manipur lay in darkness, Irom used to start            to cry. The mother Shakhi had to tend to their tiny provision store,            so Singhajit would cradle his baby sister in his arms and take her to            any mother he could find to suckle her. “She has always had extraordinary            will. Maybe that is what made her different,” Singhajit says.            “Maybe this is her service to all her mothers.” &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #cc0000; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;(COURTESY:Tehelka Dec          09 , 2006)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #cc0000; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;div class="style1 style2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="style1 style2"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: large;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Irom            Sharmila: 'Iron Lady' Of Manipur&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;i style="color: black;"&gt;Yes, 'n' how many times can a man turn his head,&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;i style="color: black;"&gt;           Pretending he just doesn't see ?&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br style="color: black;" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;           &lt;b style="color: black;"&gt;-Bob Dylan&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #cc0000; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;I&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;rom            Sharmila.(Age 34). Does that name sound familiar?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;Well, like most of us this            youngest daughter of Irom Nanda and Irom Sakhi Devi has many identities.            For sister Vijayanti or brother Singhajit she is their dearest sister            who had the 'never say die' spirit ingrained in her since childhood.            For some of her dear friends she is an Yoga enthusiast who at times            also dabbled in naturopathy. For litterateurs of Manipur, she is a budding            poetess who has written hundreds of poems but till date only one of            her collections 'Imadi Khongdai Setlaroi' has been published. And for            the vast majority of Manipuris, she is not Irom Sharmila Thanu rather            she is the 'Iron Lady of Manipur' who has challenged a callous and apathetic            government and its regime of draconian law with her unique struggle.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;Interestingly, despite plethora            of TV channels and a boom in the print media, not many of us from 'mainland'            India would be able to tell what made this young girl from a lower middle            class family who could not even continue her education after 12 th,            a legend in her own lifetime.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;It is difficult to believe            the saga of struggle of Irom Sharmila Thanu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;In fact it will be nearly            six years that she would be on her hunger strike.She has remained without            solid food since then, demanding withdrawal from her state, of one of            the most draconian laws in the statue books called Armed Forces Special            Powers Act (AFSPA).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;At present she is lodged            in AIIMS, New Delhi where she is being 'nasal fed' by a team of doctors.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;Her reaching Delhi from the            environs of Jawaharlal Nehru Hospital, Manipur where she was kept in            judicial custody and was nasal fed was another saga of her glorious            struggle. Taking advantage of the release from custody after serving            a 'yearlong custody' at the hospital, her supporters literally smuggled            her out of Imphal to reach Delhi to turn her "regional" campaign            into a "national" one. Her first stop in Delhi was Rajghat,            where she laid a wreath at Mahatma Gandhi's samadhi. Later she told            a journalist "I want to tell the people of India that if Mahatma            Gandhi were alive today, he would have launched a movement against the            Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act. My appeal to the citizens of the            country is to join the campaign against the army act," (The Telegraph,October            05, 2006)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;0 0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;Ofcourse, the historic fast            launched at Malom was no planned affair. There was a firing by security            forces at Malom bus stand, which is nearly 15-16 kilometers from Imphal,            on 2 nd November 2000. It saw blood of ten innocents spilled on the            streets. Ofcourse it was not the first event of its kind, the streets            of Manipur had been witness to the killings of innocent&lt;br /&gt;citizens umpteen times before.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;Mother Irom Sakhi Devi had            no inkling of what was in store of her youngest daughter Sharmila.She            merely sought her mother's blessings to work for 'betterment of humanity'            and left. Sharmila straight away went to the very spot where the bloodbath            had occurred and started her fast unto death. Her demand was simple            to articulate but for the powers that be difficult to implement. She            demanded repeal of the draconian law. Initially for the residents of            Malom or adjoining areas it was difficult to fathom the idea of the            peaceful resistance put up by this young woman. For a handful of them            she was an object of ridicule also. And none of them had even imagined            that she would persist in her determination in such a way that there            would be uproar all over the state in support of her demand. By 21 st            November the administration was forced to give her a 'nasal feed' in            a hospital in Imphal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;The maximum sentence which            a court can give for 'trying to committ suicide is one year' and Sharmila            has endured many such turns in all these years. She is released after            this one year judicial detention and immediately rearrested and put            in the same ward. and the cycle continued . This year also the government            expected the same. Embarrassed police officials later admitted that            they had no inkling of the plan to "smuggle out" Chief minister            Okram Ibobi Singh pleaded&lt;br /&gt;ignorance, too.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;Irom Sharmila's legendary            struggle for human rights has become an important symbol of the resistance            of the Manipuri people who are fighting their present day suffering            at the hands of policy makers. This has meant 'excessive militarisation            of the region' and the 'promulgations of many a black laws like AFSPA            at the cost of the life and liberty of the people of this region.'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;It is a sad commentary on            the state of affairs that the rest of the world came to know about Sharmila's            unique struggle only two and half years ago only. It was in the aftermath            of a militant struggle launched by Manipuri people demanding the abolition            of the Armed Forces Special Powers Act, 1958 and punishment to the Assam            Rifles people for killing Thangjam Manorama on 11 July 2004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;This upsurge of the Manipuri            people was marked by the way in which women played a leading role in            furthering the movement. It was on 15 th July 2004 that around dozen            elderly and respectable Manipuri women marched to the area headquarters            of the Assam Rifles and stripped naked and waved a banner which read            as : "Indian Army Rape Us", "Indian Army Take Our Flesh".The            naked march of these women electrified the masses and within no time            the protests against the army reached new heights.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;The conspiracy of silence            which had surrounded Iron Sharmila's solitary struggle can't be called            an exception. It is part of a general silence which surrounds developments            in northeast which for all practical purposes exists on the 'borders            of our consciousness'. A report brought out by a National Campaign Committee            agains militarisation and repeal of AFSPA had rightly observed a few            years back : 'Armed militancy, intercommunity killings, 'encounters'            with security personnel ... conversely, pretty girls and boys dancing            in traditional costume. The north east has always been a collage of            the most contradictory images, that only reflect how little is known            of the reality that lies behind them.'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;0 0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;There is no doubt that if            the atrocities at the hands of the security forces as are witnessed            in north east would have taken place in any part of 'mainland India'            then it would have become a cause for national uproar. But for all those            areas which are under Armed Forces Special Powers Act all such acts            by the the security people are 'covered under the infamous act' itself.            As the provisions of the infamous act make clear the security forces            have been given unlimted powers and even if they committ atrocities            ( which is not exception but the rule) people have no right to approach            the courts.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;This 'draconian law' which            has generated tremendous anger in the minds of the people and is in            many ways worse than the infamous POTA empowers the security people            in many crucial areas.It empowers the government ( governor of the state,            or the administartor of the union territory, or the central government            ) to declare any area a 'disturbed area' if it reaches a conclusion            that [t]he whole or any is in such a disturbed or dangerous condition            that the use of Armed Forces in aid of civil power is necessary,' the            concerned authority may 'declare the whole or such&lt;br /&gt;part of such a state or union territory to be disturbed area.'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;Section four delienates the            powers sanctioned to any commissioned officer, warrant officer, non-commissioned            officer,.in a disturbed area.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;a) If in his opinion, it            is necessary for maintenance for public order to fire even to the extent            of causing death or otherwise use force against a person who is acting            in contravention of an order prohibiting the assembly of five or more            persons or the carrying of weapons or of things capable of being used            as weapons.'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;b) If in his opinion, it            is necessary to do so, then to destroy any arms dump or fortified position,            any shelter from which armed attacks are made or are 'likely to be made',            and any structure used as training camp for armed volunteers or as a            hide out for armed gangs or absconders.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;c) arrest without warrant            any person who has committed a cognizable offence or against whom a            reasonable suspicion exists that he has committed or is likely to commit            a cognizable offence and to use whatever force is necessary to affect            the arrest.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;d) to enter and search without            warrant any premises to make an arrest or to recover any person wrongfully            confined or to recover any arms, ammunition, explosive substance or            suspected stolen property.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;Section 5 makes it mandatory            for the army to hand over a person arrested under the act to the nearest            police station with least possible delay.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;Section 6 lays down that            prosecution, suit or other legal proceedings can be instituted against            a person acting under the act, only after getting previous sanction            of the central government. ( Ref: The Illusion of Justice : Supreme            Court Judgement on the AFSPA, May 1998, People's Union for Democratic            Rights, Delhi)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;The existence of this law            on the statue books has thus meant disallowing the people the right            to protest, the right to legal redress or right of any lawful democratic            activity. Ordinary people who want to live a life of peace and tranquility,            can thus easily be framed as 'terrorists' and 'suspects' linking them            to banned organisations. Democratic rights activists who merely document            the excesses by the Army or an end to army rule have also been picked            up, tortured and killed.The continuation of this law since last 48 years            has effiectively meant that under a formal democratic set up 38 million            people residing in north east are forced to live under an undeclared            emergency or defacto military rule.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;Brigadier Sailo who served            in the army for 31 years, in a letter written nearly 30 years ago to            Ms Indira Gandhi, the then prime minister of India, said," The            feelings of the entire villages and population of Mizoram are now totally            alienated by the denial of all decencies of human rights and any picture            which may have been painted to you to the contrary, is totally false."            (Quoted in Where 'Peacekeepers' Have Declared War - :Report on violations            of democratic rights by security forces and the impact of the AFSPA            on civilian life in the seven states of North East - National Campaign            Committee against Militarisation and Repeal of AFSPA, 2000, Delhi).It            can be said without any iota of doubt that what Brigadier Sailo said            about Mizoram can be applied to the whole of north east today.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;0 0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;One cannot say with certainty            what will happen next.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;Hunger strike by Irom Sharmila            continues unabated. If earlier the venue was the dingy rooms of the            Jawaharlal Nehru Hospital in Imphal, today she lies in a similar position            in a private ward in AIIMS, New Delhi where she is forcibly fed liquids            through a nose-pipe. It was only last month that BBC (Tuesday, 19 September            2006, 09:46 GMT 10:46 UK) had carried a report on this marathon fast            wherein it had mentioned the deteriorating condition of her health :            "Doctors say her fasting is now having a direct impact on her body's            normal functioning - her bones have become brittle and she has developed            other medical problems too. "&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;As far as the repeal of the            black law is concerned, things seem to be going nowhere. It is being            said that the Justice Jeevan Reddy committee appointed by the Prime            Minister in 2004 in the aftermath of the militant protests in Manipur            has recommended repeal of the legislation AFPSA itself. According to            reports in a section of the media, the 146 report submitted by the Jeevan            Reddy committee talks about "The act is too sketchy, too bald and            quite inadequate in several particulars". According to the report            "the act, for whatever reason, has become a symbol of oppression,            an object of hate and an instrument of discrimination and high-handedness'(            The Hindu, October 8, 2006)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;According to few analysts            a careful reading of the report also creates an impression that the            Jeevan Reddy panel merely wanted the prerogatives of the armed forces            transferred wholesale onto another law, the Unlawful Activities (Prevention)            Act, 1967. If this holds true then we will have a situation where the            dreaded black law AFPSA which is basically applicable to North East            and Jammu-Kashmir may be scrapped forthwith while the revised ULP act            1967 which incorporates all the necessary provisions of AFPSA would            come into force. It would mean the whole of India may come under the            ambit of a substiute of AFPSA.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;In any case this cannot be            tolerated at any cost. All those people who yearn for a life of peace,            justice and progress for the broad masses of people would have to come            together to defeat the machinations of the powers that be.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;While talking to the BBC            correspondent Irom Sharmila had mentioned "My fast is on behalf            of the people of Manipur. This is not a personal battle - this is symbolic.            It is a symbol of truth, love and peace,".&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;It is worth mentioning that            while Sharmila is waging this unequal battle against the Indian state,            many of her dear and near ones have stood solidly behind her. We are            also told that not only her brother lost a government job, because he            preferred to remain on her side always but the family had also to go            bankrupt since it gathered lot of loans during this period.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;But none of the sacrifices            can match what Irom Sakhi, Sharmila's 75 year old mother has endured            all these years. She has never met her daughter since she blessed her            on the momentous day when she undertook her fast. Irom Sakhi, with tears            in her eyes told a correspondent : It is just possible that my getting            emotional on seeing her may weaken her resolve. And I do not want that            my daughter lose in this battle, which is for the betterment of humanity.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: xx-small;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;(COURTESY:Countercurrents.org&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-size: xx-small;"&gt;17 October, 2006)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"&gt;           &lt;span style="font-size: xx-small;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-large;"&gt;Would Gandhi Win Today?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;by Rita Manchanda&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;   &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;Satyagraha    (literally, the quest for truth; Mahatma Gandhi's tool of non-violent    political protest) has recaptured the public imagination, sparked off by    the film, '&lt;i&gt;Lage Raho Munnabhai&lt;/i&gt;', which argues for Gandhism as the    idiom even for our cynical times. But translated into lived political    experience, could moral courage stir the conscience of Delhi's power    elite?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="clear: left; float: left; font-size: small; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="202" src="http://boloji.com/wfs5/wfs711.jpg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;Irom Sharmila    Chanu - satyagraha's new icon - believes so. For three days (October 4    to 6, 2006), she took not a drop or water or nourishment. Dehydrated,    but full of passionate conviction, she lay at Jantar Mantar - that hub    of protests in Delhi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;In November    2000, Sharmila, then 28, resolved to fast unto death to protest against    living under State violence in Manipur and to demand a repeal of the    Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act 1958 (AFSPA). The security forces had    gunned down 10 civilians waiting at a bus-stand in Malom near Imphal on    suspicion of being insurgents. It was a routine manifestation of how the    armed forces abuse the powers that AFSPA vests in them.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;Threatened by    Sharmila's peaceful protest, the State took her into custody. For six    long years, she has been force-fed through a nasal drip in a hospital    room guarded by policemen. Because she is custody on charges of    attempted suicide, Sharmila can only be held up to a year. So, on    October 3 every year, she is released and then re-arrested. On October 3    this year, Sharmila escaped to Delhi before she could be rearrested.    Here, she took up her fast-unto-death again.&lt;br /&gt;Sharmila's agency is remarkable. But in the Northeast, she is not alone.    Women of various ethnicities in the Northeast have a history of being at    the forefront of struggles for peace and justice - acting as shields,    negotiating with the security forces and militants for the safety of    their communities, mediating inter-factional violence, and emerging as    the frontline against human rights violations. In Manipur, among the    Meitei community, women still have childhood memories of the Nupi Lan -    the women's war against British regulations on the rice trade. As    adults, they became active as the Meira Paibis (literally,    torchbearers), who patrolled the streets at night, guarding their sons    from being picked up at random by the security forces.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;It was one    such group of Meira Paibis that on July 15, 2004 staged a nude protest    against the killing of Manorama Thangjam, 32, by the Assam Rifles.    Alleged to be an 'explosives expert', Manorama was picked up by the    Assam Rifles, raped and killed. Anger and desperation at the failure to    get justice led 12 women to strip naked holding aloft a banner that    read, "Indian Army Rape Us." Asked about rape charges against the    security forces, Commander-in-Chief of Eastern Command Lt General Arvind    Sharma told the Imphal media, "In a large army like ours, such incidents    are likely to occur" but the "wrong side are punished".&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;Feminist    scholarship has established that rape does not 'occur' in war. Rape is    used as an instrument of war. Today, this is duly recognized by the    International Criminal Court, Rome Statute. Article 8(2) and Article    7(1) recognize rape as a war crime and as a crime against humanity.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;In    counter-insurgency wars, civilians are the direct targets in the    strategy to destroy community support. Disappearances, extra-judicial    killings, torture and rape constitutes the language of these wars. And    the broad, vague powers under the AFSPA have produced a climate of abuse    and misuse. Section 4 enables arrest without warrant and authorizes a    non-commissioned officer to shoot to kill on mere suspicion. Section 6    makes it mandatory to seek permission from the Central government before    initiating legal proceedings against armed forces personnel.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;Not    surprisingly, AFSPA was modeled on a colonial Ordinance to counter the    Quit India Movement. Introduced in Assam and Manipur to tackle the    insurgent Nagas, AFSPA produced a total militarization of the struggle.    Finally, in 1997, the government of India entered a peace process with    the dominant Naga militant movement, recognizing that the struggle was    political and its resolution too must be political. In Manipur, AFSPA    was introduced on September 8, 1980, when only four armed opposition    groups were operating. Today, there are more than 30 groups and violence    has penetrated every facet of life in Manipur. In 1990, the AFSPA was    promulgated in Jammu and Kashmir, leading to not only widespread    alienation but also a substantive expansion of militancy.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;Challenged in    the courts as unconstitutional, the Supreme Court upheld its validity    and recommended a government review. It took the protest campaign    galvanized by Manorama's killing to force the government to constitute    the Justice Jeevan Reddy Committee to review AFSPA in the Northeast. The    report was submitted in June 2005 but not made public. The Defence    Ministry was adamant. They needed AFSPA. According to leaked excerpts,    the Review Committee unanimously called for its repeal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;However, with    AFSPA removed from the municipal limits of Imphal, and the political    opportunity to forge a common front of Northeast civil society groups    squandered, the campaign again lost steam. That is, until Sharmila    shifted her protest to Delhi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;But her tryst    with Delhi has failed to impact the corridors of power - not even enough    to make public the Review Committee report. Perhaps the Northeast is too    peripheral for Delhi to take notice? Or could it be that the din around    national security has drowned out the call for respecting human rights?    Perhaps the protest of a woman, traditionally lacking in authority, did    not register? At any rate, non-violent protest, Gandhigiri-style, has    not worked here.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;Sharmila, her    life at risk, has been shifted to All India Institute of Medical    Sciences, Delhi. The nasal feed has been resumed. Will she become    another forgotten Gandhian icon? Or worse still, a martyr?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: red; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"&gt;(Rita Manchanda is a    journalist who has written extensively on human rights and security    issues, particularly the role of women in conflict and peace-building.)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5729706317680322816-8974902000146480816?l=kaippizha.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://kaippizha.blogspot.com/feeds/8974902000146480816/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://kaippizha.blogspot.com/2009/12/forgotten-poem.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5729706317680322816/posts/default/8974902000146480816'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5729706317680322816/posts/default/8974902000146480816'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://kaippizha.blogspot.com/2009/12/forgotten-poem.html' title='A Forgotten Poem'/><author><name>SoorajmalayattiL</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01237437755053554836</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='30' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_-UN0cVOcDgc/TAFOYJQL4cI/AAAAAAAAAhc/HYr5Sk966TM/S220/soorajmalayattil.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5729706317680322816.post-4074910361396578821</id><published>2009-12-12T07:58:00.001+05:30</published><updated>2009-12-24T11:12:24.552+05:30</updated><title type='text'>Copenhagen</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20pt;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_-UN0cVOcDgc/SyL_fe9xbmI/AAAAAAAAAQA/pUDCj5QG0vY/s1600-h/ch1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_-UN0cVOcDgc/SyL_fe9xbmI/AAAAAAAAAQA/pUDCj5QG0vY/s640/ch1.JPG" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20pt;"&gt;Copenhagen: climate change talks must fail, says top scientist&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #666666; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial-BoldMT&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Exclusive: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #666666; font-family: &amp;quot;ArialMT&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;World's leading climate change expert says summit talks so flawed that deal would be a disaster&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #e36c0a; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia-Bold&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Courtesy:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #e36c0a; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia-Bold&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #e36c0a; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia-Bold&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9pt;"&gt;Suzanne Goldenberg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #e36c0a; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9pt;"&gt;, US environment core respondent&lt;sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/sub&gt;guardian.co.uk, &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #e36c0a; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9pt;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; (Wednesday 2 December 2009 20.54 GMT)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_-UN0cVOcDgc/SyL_l4OV_6I/AAAAAAAAAQI/Cqp7GYH1WNM/s1600-h/ch2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_-UN0cVOcDgc/SyL_l4OV_6I/AAAAAAAAAQI/Cqp7GYH1WNM/s640/ch2.JPG" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #666666; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9pt;"&gt;'We don’t have a leader who is able to grasp [the issue] and say what is really needed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #666666; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9pt;"&gt;Instead we are trying to continue business as usual,' say James Hansen. Photograph:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #666666; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9pt;"&gt;Gareth Fuller/PA&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;The scientist who convinced the world to take notice of the looming danger of global&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;warming says it would be better for the planet and for future generations if next week's&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Copenhagen climate change summit ended in collapse.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;In an interview with the Guardian, James Hansen, the world's pre-eminent climate&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;scientist, said any agreement likely to emerge from the negotiations would be so deeply&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;flawed that it would be better to start again from scratch.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;"I would rather it not happen if people accept that as being the right track because it's a&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;disaster track," said Hansen, who heads the Nasa Goddard Institute for Space Studies in&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;New York.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;"The whole approach is so fundamentally wrong that it is better to reassess the&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;situation. If it is going to be the Kyoto-type thing then [people] will spend years trying to&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;determine exactly what that means." He was speaking as progress towards a deal in&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Copenhagen received a boost today, with India revealing a target to curb its carbon&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;emissions. All four of the major emitters – the US, China, EU and India – have now&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;tabled offers on emissions, although the equally vexed issue of funding for developing&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;nations to deal with global warming remains deadlocked.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Hansen, in repeated appearances before Congress beginning in 1989, has done more&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;than any other scientist to educate politicians about the causes of global warming and to&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;prod them into action to avoid its most catastrophic consequences. But he is vehemently&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;opposed to the carbon market schemes – in which permits to pollute are bought and sold&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;– which are seen by the EU and other governments as the most efficient way to cut&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;emissions and move to a new clean energy economy.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Hansen is also fiercely critical of Barack Obama – and even Al Gore, who won a Nobel&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;peace prize for his efforts to get the world to act on climate change – saying politicians&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;have failed to meet what he regards as the moral challenge of our age.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;In Hansen's view, dealing with climate change allows no room for the compromises that&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;rule the world of elected politics. "This is analagous to the issue of slavery faced by&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Abraham Lincoln or the issue of Nazism faced by Winston Churchill," he said. "On those&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;kind of issues you cannot compromise. You can't say let's reduce slavery, let's find a&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;compromise and reduce it 50% or reduce it 40%."&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;He added: "We don't have a leader who is able to grasp it and say what is really needed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Instead we are trying to continue business as usual."&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;The understated Iowan's journey from climate scientist to activist accelerated in the last&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;years of the Bush administration. Hansen, a reluctant public speaker, says he was forced&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;into the public realm by the increasingly clear looming spectre of droughts, floods,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;famines and drowned cities indicated by the science.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;That enormous body of scientific evidence has been put under a microscope by climate&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;sceptics after last month's release online of hacked emails sent by respected researchers&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;at the climate research unit of the University of East Anglia. Hansen admitted the&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;controversy could shake public's trust, and called for an investigation. "All that stuff they&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;are arguing about the data doesn't really change the analysis at all, but it does leave a&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;very bad impression," he said.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;The row reached Congress today, with Republicans accusing the researchers of engaging&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;in "scientific fascism" and pressing the Obama administration's top science adviser, John&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Holdren, to condemn the email. Holdren, a climate scientist who wrote one of the emails&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;in the UEA trove, said he was prepared to denounce any misuse of data by the scientists&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;– if one is proved.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Hansen has emerged as a leading campaigner against the coal industry, which produces&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;more greenhouse gas emissions than any other fuel source.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;He has become a fixture at campus demonstrations and last summer was arrested at a&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;protest against mountaintop mining in West Virginia, where he called the Obama&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;government's policies "half-assed".&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;He has irked some environmentalists by espousing a direct carbon tax on fuel use. Some&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;see that as a distraction from rallying support in Congress for cap-and-trade legislation&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;that is on the table.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;He is scathing of that approach. "This is analagous to the indulgences that the Catholic&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;church sold in the middle ages. The bishops collected lots of money and the sinners got&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;redemption. Both parties liked that arrangement despite its absurdity. That is exactly&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;what's happening," he said. "We've got the developed countries who want to continue&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;more or less business as usual and then these developing countries who want money and&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;that is what they can get through offsets [sold through the carbon markets]."&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;For all Hansen's pessimism, he insists there is still hope. "It may be that we have already&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;committed to a future sea level rise of a metre or even more but that doesn't mean that&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;you give up.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;"Because if you give up you could be talking about tens of metres. So I find it screwy that&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;people say you passed a tipping point so it's too late. In that case what are you thinking:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;that we are going to abandon the planet? You want to minimise the damage."&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5729706317680322816-4074910361396578821?l=kaippizha.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://kaippizha.blogspot.com/feeds/4074910361396578821/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://kaippizha.blogspot.com/2009/12/copenhagen-climate-change-talks-must.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5729706317680322816/posts/default/4074910361396578821'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5729706317680322816/posts/default/4074910361396578821'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://kaippizha.blogspot.com/2009/12/copenhagen-climate-change-talks-must.html' title='Copenhagen'/><author><name>SoorajmalayattiL</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01237437755053554836</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='30' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_-UN0cVOcDgc/TAFOYJQL4cI/AAAAAAAAAhc/HYr5Sk966TM/S220/soorajmalayattil.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_-UN0cVOcDgc/SyL_fe9xbmI/AAAAAAAAAQA/pUDCj5QG0vY/s72-c/ch1.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5729706317680322816.post-2215967036278631757</id><published>2009-11-27T07:27:00.006+05:30</published><updated>2009-11-29T08:04:43.197+05:30</updated><title type='text'>മുഖം രക്ഷിക്കാന്‍ പാര്‍ട്ടിയെ മറപിടിക്കുന്നവര്‍</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;75 വയസ്സ്&amp;nbsp;പിന്നിടുന്ന കേരള കമ്മ്യൂണിസ്റ്റ്‌ പാര്‍ട്ടി ഇന്നെവിടെ നില്‍ക്കുന്നു?? ഒരവലോകനം!&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 28px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;കമ്മ്യൂണിസത്തിന്‍റെ കേരള മോഡല്‍ എന്ന് വിശേഷിപ്പിക്കാവുന്ന തരത്തിലാണ് കമ്മ്യൂണിസ്റ്റ്‌ പാര്‍ട്ടി ഇവിടെ ഉദയം കൊള്ളുന്നത്‌. പാശ്ചാത്യ ഭരണത്തിന്‍റെ ബൂട്ട്സിനടിയില്‍ ഞെരിഞ്ഞമര്‍ന്ന ഒരു ജനതയുടെ അവകാശങ്ങള്‍ക്കായുള്ള രോഷമാണ്‌ &lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;1885ഇല്‍ ഇന്ത്യയില്‍ കോണ്‍ഗ്രസിന്‍റെ രൂപീകരണത്തിന് വഴിയൊരുക്കിയത്. കൊടുങ്കാറ്റ് പോലെ കത്തിപ്പടര്‍ന്നു,പടര്‍ന്നു പന്തലിച്ച് ജനതയുടെ ഹൃദയത്തില്‍ വേരാഴ്ത്തിയ ആ മഹാ പ്രസ്ഥാനത്തിന്റെ പോരായ്മകള്‍ ചൂണ്ടിക്കാട്ടി&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt; പുറത്തുവന്ന പുതിയ ചേരിയുടെ ആത്മാവിഷ്കാരമായിരുന്നു, റഷ്യയിലെ കമ്മ്യൂണിസ്റ്റ്‌-ലെനിനിസ്റ്റ്-മാര്‍ക്സിസ്റ്റ്‌ തത്വങ്ങള്‍ ഉയര്‍ത്തിപ്പിടിക്കുന്ന തൊഴിലാളികളുടെ സ്വന്തം പ്രസ്ഥാനം&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_-UN0cVOcDgc/Swibk60vvsI/AAAAAAAAAOs/TY1WbGNVQVY/s1600/cpim.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_-UN0cVOcDgc/Swibk60vvsI/AAAAAAAAAOs/TY1WbGNVQVY/s320/cpim.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 28px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 28px;"&gt; ഒരിക്കല്‍ ഭിന്നിച്ചവര്‍ പലവട്ടം ആദര്‍ശങ്ങളുടെയും, അഭിപ്രായ വ്യത്യാസങ്ങളുടെയും പേരില്‍ ഭിന്നിച്ചും പിളര്‍പ്പുണ്ടാക്കിയും പുതിയ പ്രസ്ഥാനങ്ങള്‍ക്ക്‌ രൂപം കൊടുത്തു.കമ്മ്യൂണിസ്റ്റ്‌ പാര്‍ട്ടിയുടെ പ്രാഥമിക ഘടനക്ക് തലവേദനയാകും വിധമുള്ള സഹോദര സംഘടനകളുടെ വളര്‍ച്ച മുന്നില്‍ കണ്ടായിരുന്നു പാര്‍ട്ടി ലയനം എന്ന ഏച്ചുകൂട്ടലിനു വഴിയൊരുങ്ങിയത്. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 28px;"&gt;എന്നാല്‍,&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;വര്‍ഷങ്ങള്‍ക്കിപ്പുറം അന്നേ പാര്‍ട്ടിയില്‍ ഉറങ്ങിക്കിടക്കുകയായിരുന്ന അഗ്നിപര്‍വതങ്ങള്‍&amp;nbsp;സജീവമാകുകയാണ്. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #38761d;"&gt;അവര്‍ക്കൊപ്പം കുത്തക മാധ്യമങ്ങളും പാര്‍ട്ടിയിലെ തന്നെ കമ്മ്യൂണിസ്റ്റ്‌ ബൂര്‍ഷ്വാമാരും കൂടിയാകുമ്പോള്‍ പാര്‍ട്ടിയുടേത് നിലനില്‍പ്പിന്റെ&amp;nbsp;പ്രശ്നമാകുന്നു.യഥാര്‍ത്ഥത്തില്‍ പാര്‍ട്ടി കച്ചിത്തുരുമ്പില്‍ കിടന്നാടുകയാണ്.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_-UN0cVOcDgc/Swibu91Y2XI/AAAAAAAAAO0/a9REXEx7TYg/s1600/IN21_PINARAYI_1311e.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_-UN0cVOcDgc/Swibu91Y2XI/AAAAAAAAAO0/a9REXEx7TYg/s200/IN21_PINARAYI_1311e.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="color: #38761d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 28px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;പിണറായി വിജയന്‍റെ 'വെടിയുണ്ട വിവാദവും തട്ടേക്കാട്‌ ബോട്ടപകടവും പൂമൂടലും മറന്നു പോയി&amp;nbsp;നാം എങ്കിലും അവയെ പാര്‍ട്ടിയുടെ പതനത്തിന്റെ തുടക്കമെന്ന് ചൂണ്ടിക്കാട്ടാനാണ് തോന്നുന്നത്.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 28px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 28px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #38761d;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;മുതലാളിത്ത കുത്തകകളുടെ ശക്തിയായ ചാര സംഘടന CIA, റഷ്യന്‍ ചൈനീസ് കമ്മുനിസത്തെ ഭയപ്പാടോടെ നോക്കിക്കാണുകയും പിളപ്പുകളും കുത്തിതിരിപ്പുകളും&amp;nbsp;ഉണ്ടാക്കി പാര്‍ട്ടികളെ നശിപ്പിക്കാന്‍ ശ്രമിക്കുകയും ചെയ്തത് പോലുള്ള ഒരു സംഭവത്തിനല്ല ഇന്ത്യ സാക്ഷ്യം വഹിക്കുന്നത്. അതിന്‍റെ ഉത്തമോദാഹരണങ്ങളാണ് &amp;nbsp;ബുഷിന്‍റെ &amp;nbsp;ഇന്ത്യന്‍ സന്ദര്‍ശന വേളയിലും ആണവ കരാറിന്‍റെ നടപ്പാക്കല്‍ നേരത്തുമൊക്കെ കമ്മ്യൂണിസ്റ്റ്‌ പാര്‍ട്ടി പുലര്‍ത്തിയ നിശബ്ദത. &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #cc0000;"&gt;ലോകം പോലും മാപ്പ് കൊടുത്ത സദാം ഹുസൈന്‍ വധിക്കപ്പെട്ടപ്പോള്‍ മാര്‍ക്സിസ്റ്റ്‌&amp;nbsp;പാര്‍ട്ടി എന്ത് ചെയ്തു? എന്ത് പറഞ്ഞു?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 28px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: 28px;"&gt;കമ്മ്യൂണിസത്തിന്‍റെ&amp;nbsp;പ്രസക്തി..!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 28px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; മാര്‍ക്സ്,ലെനിന്‍,സ്റാലിന്‍,ഫിദേല്‍ കാസ്ട്രോ മുതലായ ഉന്നത വ്യക്തികളുടെ കടുത്ത പ്രയത്നത്തിലൂടെ രൂപം കൊണ്ട ആദര്‍ശങ്ങളുടെയും നയങ്ങളുടെയും നല്ല വശങ്ങള്‍ മാത്രം ഉള്‍ക്കൊണ്ടു നിര്‍മ്മിക്കപ്പെട്ട ഒന്നാണ് കേരളത്തിലെ കമ്മ്യൂണിസ്റ്റ്‌ പാര്‍ട്ടി. ആയതിനാല്‍ തന്നെ ഏറ്റവും പുതിയ വിശ്വാസങ്ങളിലും പ്രമാണങ്ങളിലും വിശ്വസിക്കുന്ന, അന്ടവിസ്വാസങ്ങളെ തള്ളിക്കളയുന്ന അല്ലെങ്കില്‍ അവയിലെ സത്യത്തെ മനസ്സിലാക്കുന്നവരാണ് ഇവ്ടുത്തെ കമ്മ്യൂണിസ്റ്റ്‌ അണികള്‍. &lt;span style="color: #38761d;"&gt;കാലാകാലങ്ങളില്‍ വത്തിക്കാന്‍ പോലും അഴിച്ചുപണികള്‍ നടത്തുന്നിടത്ത് പാര്‍ട്ടിയിലും അഴിച്ചുപണികള്‍ നടത്തണം എന്ന് പറയുന്നതും ഇതൊക്കെക്കൊണ്ടാണ്‌.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 28px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;നമുക്കെല്ലാമറിയാം വര്‍ത്തമാന കാല പാര്‍ട്ടി പ്രവര്‍ത്തനങ്ങള്‍ ഈ ആദര്‍ശങ്ങള്‍ക്കു ഒരുതരത്തിലും യോജിക്കാത്തതാണ്. 3ആം ലോകം,4ആമ് ലോകം മുതലായ ആശയങ്ങള്‍ ഒരിക്കലും സാധ്യമാകില്ല എന്ന് സമര്‍തിക്കുന്ന പാര്‍ട്ടി നയത്തെ പിന്താങ്ങാനാകില്ല. സമൂഹത്തിന്‍റെ മനസ്സാണ് ഇതിനു ആവശ്യം. അതിനായി സമൂഹത്തെ സജ്ജമാക്കാന്‍ പാര്‍ട്ടിക്കും കഴിയും. (നമ്മുടെ &amp;nbsp;മഹാത്മാക്കള്‍ സ്വപ്നം കണ്ട പണ്ഡിതനും പാമരനും, യജമാനനും അടിമയും ഇല്ലാത്ത സോദരര്‍ മാത്രമുള്ള &amp;nbsp;മനുഷ്യത്വം ഭരിക്കുന്ന ഒരു ലോകം നിര്‍മ്മിക്കപ്പെടെണ്ടത് തീര്‍ച്ചയായും അനിവാര്യമാണ്.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 28px;"&gt;തന്റെ വിശ്വാസം തന്റേതു മാത്രമാണ് &amp;nbsp;താനത് ഘോഷിക്കെണ്ടതില്ല എന്ന് പറയുന്ന പാര്‍ട്ടി നിയമത്തെ സമൂഹം മറ്റൊരു തരത്തിലാണ് വീക്ഷിക്കുന്നത്. വിശ്വാസമേ പാടില്ല എന്ന തരത്തില്‍. പാര്‍ട്ടിയെ കുറിച്ച അറിവില്ലതതാനിതിനു കാരണം. സ്വയം അജ്ഞത നടിക്കുന്ന ഈ അന്ധദ മൂടിയ സമൂഹത്തിലേക്കു വെളിച്ചം വീശാന്‍ പാര്‍ട്ടി എന്തുകൊണ്ട് ശങ്കിക്കുന്നു? &lt;span style="color: #e06666;"&gt;സ്വന്തം കര്‍ത്തവ്യം നിറവേറ്റാന്‍ ശങ്കിക്കുക എന്നത് സ്വയം ഭീരത്വം പ്രദര്ഷിപ്പിക്കലാണ്&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 28px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; സാദാരനക്കാരനായ ,പാവപ്പെട്ടവരായ &amp;nbsp;ജനങ്ങള്‍ക്ക്‌ വേണ്ടിയാണ് കമ്മ്യൂണിസ്റ്റ്‌ പാര്‍ട്ടി രൂപം കൊണ്ടിട്ടുള്ളത്. കോണ്‍ഗ്രസിനെ മുതലാളിത്തം ബാദിച്ചപ്പോള്‍ കമ്മ്യൂണിസം ഉദയം കൊണ്ടത്‌ ദരിദ്ര നാരായനന്മാര്‍ക്ക് കൈതാങ്ങായിക്കൊണ്ടായിരുന്നു. എന്നാല്‍ പില്‍ക്കാലത്ത്‌ പാര്‍ട്ടിയുടെ പലനയങ്ങളും ആത്മഹത്യാപരമായിരുന്നു. ചേരിപ്പെന്നുങ്ങള്‍&amp;nbsp; പോലും മടിക്കുന്ന 4ആമ് തരം പാര്‍ട്ടി&amp;nbsp;തര്‍ക്കങ്ങള്‍ വരെയുള്ളവ ഇതിനുദാഹരനമാണ്. &lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;സ്വന്തം നിലപാടുകളിലെ ശരികളേയും സ്വന്തം സാഹചര്യങ്ങളെയും വെളിപ്പെടുതാനാകാത്ത പാര്ട്ടിക്കെങ്ങിനെ ഒരു ജനതയെ നല്ലവഴിക്കു നയിക്കാനാകും?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 28px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 28px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;പാര്‍ട്ടിയിലെ കള്ളനാണയങ്ങള്‍.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 28px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; കമ്മ്യൂണിസ്റ്റ്‌ പാര്‍ട്ടിയുടെ അധികാരലബ്ധി മുതല്‍ക്കുള്ള ഡയഗ്രം വരച്ചാല്‍ ആദര്‍ശങ്ങളുടെ ശാവപ്പരംബാണ്&amp;nbsp;കാണാനാകുക. സ്ഥായിയായ അധോഗതിയുടെ ഗ്രാഫ് ആയിരിക്കുമത്. &lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;ഇന്നത്തെ നിലക്ക് പാര്‍ട്ടി എന്താണെന്നറിയാത്ത, പാര്‍ട്ടി തത്വങ്ങളും ആദര്‍ശങ്ങളും എന്താണെന്നറിയാത്ത, എല്ലാറ്റിനുമുപരിയായി മതത്തിലും ദൈവത്തിലും വിശ്വസിക്കുന്ന പരിപൂര്‍ണ അജ്ഞാനികളുടെ ഒരു വിഭാഗമാണ്‌ പാര്‍ട്ടിയെ നയിക്കുന്നത്&lt;/span&gt;. പാര്‍ട്ടിയെ പിന്തുനക്കുന്നവരുടെയും സ്ഥിതി ഇത് തന്നെയാണ്.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 28px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; സ്വന്തം വിശ്വാസങ്ങളെ (അന്ധ) കൊട്ടിഘോഷിക്കുന്ന,ഒരു തീരുമാനത്തിന്റെ പ്രസക്തി മനസ്സിലാക്കാത്ത,ഒരു വിശ്വാസത്തെ അപഗ്രഥന&amp;nbsp;വിധേയമാക്കാത്ത, അന്ധതയുടെ വഴിയെ നടക്കുന്ന ഒരു പട്ടം ജനങ്ങളാണ് ഇന്ന് cpim ന്‍റെ ശക്തി.എവിടെയും കൂച്ച് വിലങ്ങുകളില്‍ ബന്ധിക്കപ്പെട്ട, അവ പൊട്ടിച്ചെറിയാന്‍ അശക്തരായ ഒരു പട്ടം അടിമകള്‍.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_-UN0cVOcDgc/SxHSP8R2FJI/AAAAAAAAAPE/mgxejt-JdvE/s1600/wrong_way_1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_-UN0cVOcDgc/SxHSP8R2FJI/AAAAAAAAAPE/mgxejt-JdvE/s200/wrong_way_1.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 28px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;എന്തിനെതിരായി പോരാടാന്‍ വന്നുവോ അതിന്‍റെ മായാ വലയത്തില്‍ കുരുങ്ങി ഗതിയില്‍ പതനം &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;സംഭവിച്ച ഒരു&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;പതന&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;ശക്തിയായി മാറിയിരിക്കുന്നു പാര്‍ട്ടി. ചുരുക്കിപ്പറഞ്ഞാല്‍ ഒരു വലിയ തെറ്റാണ് ഇന്ന് പാര്‍ട്ടി.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 28px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 28px;"&gt;ഒരു മതില്‍ക്കെട്ടിനകത്ത് കൂച്ച് വിളങ്ങുകളില്‍ അനുഭാവികളെ തളച്ചിടുന്ന പാര്‍ട്ടി തന്ത്രം, അവരില്‍ നിന്നും അഭിപ്രായ സ്വാതന്ത്ര്യം എടുത്തു മാറ്റുന്ന കുതന്ത്രം എന്നിവയിലൂടെ പാര്‍ട്ടിയെ ഭയന്ന് ജീവിക്കുന്ന ഒരു സമൂഹത്തെ മെനയുകയാണ് പാര്‍ട്ടി ചെയ്യുന്നത്. പാര്‍ട്ടിയുടെ തെറ്റുകള്‍ക്ക് നല്ലൊരുദാഹരണം ഇത് തന്നെയാണ്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 28px;"&gt;.ശേഷിക്കുന്ന മുതിര്‍ന്ന പാര്‍ട്ടി പ്രവര്‍ത്തകരെ പുറത്താക്കുക, പാര്‍ട്ടി തെറ്റാണെന്ന് ചൂണ്ടിക്കാട്ടി പുറത്തുപോയവരെ പാര്‍ട്ടി വിരുദ്ധ നയം സ്വീകരിച്ചതിനു പുരതാക്കിയതാനെന്നു പ്രചരിപ്പിക്കുക, അവരുടെ ഉദ്യമങ്ങള്‍ പാര്‍ട്ടിയെ പിളര്തുമെന്നു ഭയപ്പെട്ടു അവരെ വേട്ടയാടുക, പാര്‍ട്ടിയുടെ തെറ്റായ ദിശ ചൂണ്ടിക്കാട്ടിയവരെയും പാര്‍ട്ടി നയങ്ങളില്‍ എതിര്‍പ്പ് പ്രകടിപ്പിച്ചവരെയും പുറത്താക്കുക, &lt;span style="color: #cc0000;"&gt;വ്യക്തി വൈരാഗ്യം രാഷ്ട്രീയ വൈര്യമാക്കി തീര്‍ത്ത് പാര്‍ട്ടി എന്നാ പേരില്‍ പക പോക്കുക തുടങ്ങി തെറ്റുകള്‍ അനവധി ഇനിയുമുണ്ട്. (പക്ഷെ ഭേദമാണ്, പണ്ട് സ്റ്റാലിന്‍ തെറ്റ് തിരുത്തിയവരെയും എതിര്തവരെയും വേദി വച്ച് കൊല്ലുകയാനുണ്ടായത്. ഇവിടെ തോക്കുള്ള പാര്‍ട്ടി സെക്രെട്ടരിക്ക് കൊല്ലാന്‍ കഴിയുന്നില്ലെന്ന് മാത്രം.) &lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;പഴയ ഒരു ജനതയുടെ ആത്മാവിഷ്കാരമായിരുന്ന പാര്‍ട്ടി ചിതല്‍ തിന്നു പോയിരിക്കുന്നു. സ്ഥാപിത വ്യക്തി താത്പര്യങ്ങള്‍ക്കനുസരിച്ച് തുള്ളുന്ന കളിപ്പാവയാനിന്നു പാര്‍ട്ടി. പാര്‍ട്ടിയുടെ തെറ്റുകള്‍ എന്ന് പറയുന്നുണ്ടെങ്കിലും യഥാര്‍ത്ഥത്തില്‍ അവ ചില ഉന്നതരുടെ ചെയ്തികളാണ്. പാര്‍ട്ടി ഒരു വലിയ ശരിയും പാര്‍ട്ടി നേതാക്കള്‍ തെറ്റുകാരുമാണ്.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 28px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;കമ്മ്യൂണിസ്റ്റ്‌ പാര്‍ട്ടി- നാളെയുടെ!!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 28px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;ഇന്ത്യന്‍ കമ്മ്യൂണിസ്റ്റ്‌ മാര്‍ക്സിസ്റ്റ്‌ പാര്‍ട്ടിയുടെ &amp;nbsp;വികസനം ഇന്ന് യുവ നിരയില്‍ മാത്രമേ നടക്കുന്നുള്ളൂ.'ചോര തിളയ്ക്കുന്ന പ്രായം' എന്ന് പറഞ്ഞു കളിയാക്കുംപോലും ഉന്നതി അവരിലൂടെയാനെന്നു ആരും മനസ്സിലാക്കുന്നില്ല. യുവതലമുറക്ക്‌ വളരാന്‍ തടമോരുക്കുന്നതിനു പകരം അവര്‍ക്കുമുകളില്‍ തടസ്സം സൃഷ്ട്ടിക്കുന്നു എന്നതാണ് പാര്‍ട്ടി പതനത്തിന്റെ പ്രധാന കാരണം. കാമ്പസ് രാഷ്ട്രീയം വരെ നിരോധിക്കപ്പെട്ട കാലത്ത് പുതു തലമുറ സംഘാടനം തീരെയില്ലാതെ വിഘടിച്ചു പോകുന്നത് ആരും കാണുന്നില്ല.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 28px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: purple;"&gt;ശരിയായ ദിശയില്‍ നയിച്ചാല്‍ ശക്തമായ അവബോധത്തോടുകൂടിയ ഒരു പുതു പ്രസ്ഥാനം, പുത്തന്‍ ജനത എന്നിവയെ വാര്‍ത്തെടുക്കാന്‍ സാധിക്കുന്നത്തെയുള്ളൂ. യുവത്വത്തിലെയും ഇന്നത്തെയും പാര്‍ട്ടി സ്നേഹത്തെ നേതാക്കള്‍ ഒന്ന് അവലോകനം ചെയ്യുന്നതും നന്ന്.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 28px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; വെള്ളവും വെളിച്ചവും വളവും ശരിയായി ലഭിച്ചാല്‍ മാത്രമേ ഒരു സസ്യം ശരിയായി വളരൂ ഒപ്പം ശരിയായ പരിചരണവും അതിനു അത്യാവശ്യമാണ്. അതുപോലെ തന്നെ വളര്‍ച്ചയില്‍ മുരടിക്കാത്ത പുരോഗമനാശയക്കാരായ, സത്യത്തെ തിരിച്ചറിയുന്ന സ്വീകരിക്കുന്ന ശാസ്ത്രത്തില്‍ വിശ്വസിക്കുന്ന ഒരു വിഭാഗത്തെ അജ്ഞത മാറ്റി വളര്‍ത്തിക്കൊണ്ടു വന്നാല്‍ നാളെ പാര്‍ട്ടിക്കത്ത് മുതല്‍ക്കൂട്ടാകും. എന്നാല്‍ അവരതിനായി ആവശ്യപ്പെടുന്നത് പൌരന്‍റെ പരമ പ്രധാന അവകാശമായ അഭിപ്രായ സ്വാതന്ത്ര്യമാണ്. സാഹോദര്യത്തില്‍ വിശ്വസിക്കുന്ന,പുരോഗമന വാദികളായ, പണത്തിന്റെ പിടിയില്‍ പെടാത്ത അന്ധത നീങ്ങിയ ഒരു സമൂഹത്തിനായി നേതാക്കള്‍ക്ക് ചെയ്യാനുള്ളത് ഇത്ര മാത്രം.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: 28px;"&gt;പിന്‍ കുറിപ്പ്:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 28px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &lt;/b&gt;ഒരു സ്വകാര്യ കുത്തക ശക്തിയായി പാര്‍ട്ടി മാറുന്നുവോ എന്ന് സംശയിക്കേണ്ട നേരം അതിക്രമിച്ചിരിക്കുന്നു. &lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;പാര്‍ട്ടി പൂരണമായും അഴിച്ചുപണിക്ക് വിധേയമാകുകയും വേണം. അല്ലാത്ത പക്ഷം പുത്തന്‍ നിയമ സംഹിതകലാലും പുത്തന്‍ വിശ്വാസങ്ങലാലും ഇവിടെ പുതിയ പാര്‍ട്ടി രൂപം കൊള്ളേണ്ടത്‌ അനിവാര്യമാണ്&lt;/span&gt;. എന്നാല്‍ കൊണ്ഗ്രസ്സിലുള്ളത് പോലെ 'പിളര്‍പ്പ് പാര്‍ട്ടികളുടെ എണ്ണമറിയാത്ത' അവസ്ഥ കമ്മ്യൂണിസ്റ്റ്‌ പാര്‍ട്ടിക്ക് ഉണ്ടാകരുത്..&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: large; line-height: 28px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5729706317680322816-2215967036278631757?l=kaippizha.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://kaippizha.blogspot.com/feeds/2215967036278631757/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://kaippizha.blogspot.com/2009/11/blog-post_22.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5729706317680322816/posts/default/2215967036278631757'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5729706317680322816/posts/default/2215967036278631757'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://kaippizha.blogspot.com/2009/11/blog-post_22.html' title='മുഖം രക്ഷിക്കാന്‍ പാര്‍ട്ടിയെ മറപിടിക്കുന്നവര്‍'/><author><name>SoorajmalayattiL</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01237437755053554836</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='30' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_-UN0cVOcDgc/TAFOYJQL4cI/AAAAAAAAAhc/HYr5Sk966TM/S220/soorajmalayattil.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_-UN0cVOcDgc/Swibk60vvsI/AAAAAAAAAOs/TY1WbGNVQVY/s72-c/cpim.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5729706317680322816.post-275093997539354025</id><published>2009-11-14T06:49:00.069+05:30</published><updated>2009-11-14T07:56:43.776+05:30</updated><title type='text'>പുത്തന്‍ പ്രശ്നങ്ങള്‍, പുത്തന്‍ ആശയങ്ങള്‍.</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_-UN0cVOcDgc/Sv4MzgTq-ZI/AAAAAAAAAOk/7DzqVN3UEnQ/s1600-h/leisuresociety_mot.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_-UN0cVOcDgc/Sv4MzgTq-ZI/AAAAAAAAAOk/7DzqVN3UEnQ/s200/leisuresociety_mot.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;ലെഷര്‍ സമൂഹത്തിന്‍റെ രൂപീകരണമാണ് ലോകം ഇന്ന് അഭിമുഖീകരിക്കുന്ന ഏറ്റവും വലിയ മാനുഷിക പ്രശ്നം. സാംസ്കാരികമായ അധപധനമാണ് ഇതിന്റെ ഏറ്റവും വലിയ പ്രത്യാഖാതം. വിപണിയില്‍ നിര്‍മ്മിക്കപ്പെടുന്ന ഉത്പന്നങ്ങള്‍ വാങ്ങി ഉപയോഗിച്ച് മാത്രം ജീവിക്കുന്ന ഒരു സമൂഹം ഒന്നും നിര്‍മ്മിക്കുന്നില്ല. വെറും ഉപഭോക്താവ് മാത്രമായി ജീവിക്കുക എന്നത് മനുഷ്യനെ മൃഗത്തില്‍ നിന്ന് പോലും വ്യതസ്തനല്ലാതാക്കുന്നു. വെട്ടിമുരിക്കപ്പെട്ട്, വിഭജിച്ച്‌ വിഭജിച്ച്‌ വെറും അണുകുടുംബം മാത്രമായി സ്വന്തം മതില്ക്കെട്ടിനകത്തെ&amp;nbsp;ലോകത്തെ പ്രപഞ്ചം എന്ന് തെറ്റിദരിച്ചു ജീവിക്കുന്ന നാമടക്കം ഇന്ന് വെറും ലെഷര്‍ സമൂഹമാണ്. സ്വാര്തത എന്ന മുഖവികാരമാണ് ഇതിനു നാം മൂലധനമാക്കുന്നത്.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 23px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 23px;"&gt;ഇത്തരം പ്രശ്നങ്ങളുടെ നേര്‍ക്കാഴ്ചയാണ്‌ നാം വൃദ്ധരോടും അശരണരോടും&amp;nbsp;പാവപ്പെട്ടവരോടുമുള്ള സമൂഹത്തിന്‍റെ സമീപനത്തില്‍ നിന്നും കാണുന്നത്. നമുക്ക് സമയമില്ല! പണമുണ്ടാക്കുക അത് ചിലവഴിച്ചു ആടംഭരപൂര്‍വ്വം ജീവിക്കുക എന്നതാണ് നമ്മുടെ ലക്‌ഷ്യം. അതിനിടയില്‍ വൃദ്ധരെ സംരക്ഷിക്കാനും പാവങ്ങളുടെ പ്രശ്നങ്ങള്‍ കണ്ടറിയാനും പോലും നമുക്ക് സമയമില്ല. ഇങ്ങനെ ച്ചുരുച്ചുരുക്കുള്ളവര്‍ക്ക് മാത്രമായി ലോകം മാറ്റി മറിച്ചു. യുവാക്കളല്ലാതവരെ&amp;nbsp;ജീവിതത്തിന്‍റെ ഓവു ചാലുകളിലേക്ക് തള്ളി മാറ്റി. ഈ സന്ദര്‍ഭത്തിലാണ് വൃധനാവുന്നതിനോടുള്ള ഭയം രൂപപ്പെടുന്നത്. അതില്‍ നിന്നും രക്ഷ നേടാന്‍ നാം പുറം മോടികള്‍ എത്തിപ്പിടിച്ചു. തലയ്ക്കു കളരടിച്ചു,തിളങ്ങുന്ന വസ്ത്രം ധരിക്കുന്നു,കണ്ണടകള്‍ കൂളിംഗ് ഗ്ലാസ്സിനു വഴിമാറി,പലതരം ലേപനങ്ങള്‍ നമ്മുടെ&amp;nbsp; അലമാരകളിലെത്തി.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 23px;"&gt;കൃത്രിമ യുവത്വം യഥാര്‍ത്ഥത്തില്‍ ഒരൊളിച്ചോട്ടവും രക്ഷപ്പെടലുമായി. ഒന്നിനും സമയമില്ലാത്ത ഈ സമൂഹത്തില്‍ നാം "നമ്മുടെ കുടുംബം" എന്ന് പറയുമ്പോള്‍ ഭര്‍ത്താവ്,ഭാര്യ,മക്കള്‍ എന്ന ഒറ്റ അര്‍ത്ഥമേ ഉള്ളൂ. അതിനുമേല്‍ വൃദ്ധമാതാപിതാക്കള്‍ക്ക് സ്ഥാനമില്ല. അവരെ നോക്കാനും,കൊണ്ട് നടക്കാനും സാധ്യവുമല്ല. അവിടെയാണ് വൃധസധനങ്ങളും ഹോം നേഴ്സ്മാറും കൂണുകള്‍ പോലെ രൂപപ്പെടുന്നത്. സ്നേഹം അര്‍ത്തിക്കുന്ന വൃദ്ധര്‍ക്ക് നാം ജീവിക്കാനാവശ്യമായ പണം മണിഓര്‍ഡര്‍ ആയി അയക്കും.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 23px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;യയാതിയുടെ 'പുരൂരവസ്സ്‌' ജീവിച്ചിരുന്ന ഒരു നാടിന്‍റെ വര്‍ത്തമാനകാല ഗതിയാണിത്. മുതലാളിത്തവും, സാമ്പത്തിക കുത്തകവത്കരണവുംവിപണികള്‍ വഴി കോളനി ഭരണം വീണ്ടും തുടങ്ങുമ്പോള്‍ നമുക്ക് നഷ്ടമാകുന്നത് നമ്മുടെ സംസ്കാരവും മനുഷ്യത്വവും നമ്മുടെ തനതു പാരമ്പര്യങ്ങളും ആണ്. സമയത്തിനും പണത്തിനും പിന്നാലെ വിശ്രമമില്ലാതെ ഓടുന്ന നാം ജീവിതത്തിന്‍റെ അര്‍ത്ഥങ്ങളെ വിസ്മരിച്ചു, അറിയില്ലെന്ന് നടിച്ചു. മാറ്റുവാനായി ഏറെ ഉണ്ടെങ്ങിലും ഒന്നും മാറ്റാന്‍ തയ്യാറാവാത്ത നാം ഓര്‍ക്കുന്നില്ല നമുക്കും വയസ്സാവുകയാണ്.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5729706317680322816-275093997539354025?l=kaippizha.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://kaippizha.blogspot.com/feeds/275093997539354025/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://kaippizha.blogspot.com/2009/11/blog-post.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5729706317680322816/posts/default/275093997539354025'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5729706317680322816/posts/default/275093997539354025'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://kaippizha.blogspot.com/2009/11/blog-post.html' title='പുത്തന്‍ പ്രശ്നങ്ങള്‍, പുത്തന്‍ ആശയങ്ങള്‍.'/><author><name>SoorajmalayattiL</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01237437755053554836</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='30' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_-UN0cVOcDgc/TAFOYJQL4cI/AAAAAAAAAhc/HYr5Sk966TM/S220/soorajmalayattil.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_-UN0cVOcDgc/Sv4MzgTq-ZI/AAAAAAAAAOk/7DzqVN3UEnQ/s72-c/leisuresociety_mot.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5729706317680322816.post-4952631520584125778</id><published>2009-10-10T08:28:00.000+05:30</published><updated>2009-10-10T08:28:21.543+05:30</updated><title type='text'>പാവം പാവം റോഡ്‌ കുമാരന്‍!!!!</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;"&gt;ബസ്സും കാത്ത് റോഡില്‍ നില്‍ക്കുകയായിരുന്നു.&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"&gt;അതാ പോണൊരെണ്ണം. നെഞ്ച് കിടുങ്ങിപ്പോയി&lt;/span&gt;. എന്തൊരു ഗാംഭീര്യം എന്തൊരു വേഗം എന്തൊരു ആക്രയാ ആ മുക്രയിട്ടു പോകുന്നതിനു?. ഹിന്‍റെമോ!!! റോഡ്‌ കിടന്നു കിടുങ്ങുകയായിരുന്നു. ഭൂമി വിറച്ചു... പൊടി പടലങ്ങള്‍ ആകാശം മുട്ടെ ഉയര്‍ന്നു... അവന്‍ ആക്രോശിച്ചു പാഞ്ഞു പോയി. പറഞ്ഞു വരുന്നത് പ്രേതക്കഥയോന്നുമല്ല. ആ പോയവനെ നമ്മള്‍ "&lt;b&gt;ടിപ്പര്‍&lt;/b&gt;" &amp;nbsp;എന്ന് കാലാ കാലങ്ങളായി വാഴ്ത്തിവരുന്നു. സത്യം പറഞ്ഞാല്‍ കാലനാണവന്‍. &lt;b&gt;ടിപ്പറെന്നല്ല 'റിപ്പറെ'ന്ന് വേണം വിളിക്കാന്‍&lt;/b&gt;. ഇവന്‍ കാരണം എന്തെല്ലാമാണ് സംഭവിക്കുന്നത്‌...&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;"&gt;* &amp;nbsp;കുന്നുകള്‍ ഇടിച്ചു നിരത്താന്‍ നേരം ഇവന്‍ വേണം&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;"&gt;* &amp;nbsp;പാഠങ്ങള്‍ നികത്താന്‍ നേരം ഇവന്‍ വേണം.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;"&gt;* &amp;nbsp;കെട്ടിടങ്ങള്‍ കെട്ടാനും പൊളിക്കാനും നേരം ഇവന്‍ വേണം.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;"&gt;* &amp;nbsp;മണല്‍ വാരി പുഴയെ കൊല്ലാന്‍ ഇവന്‍ വേണം.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;"&gt;അങ്ങിനെ അങ്ങിനെ എന്തിനെല്ലാം ഇവന്‍ വേണം!!!!! nammude എല്ലാ നശീകരണ പ്രവര്‍ത്തികള്‍ക്കും ഇവനില്ലാതെ പറ്റില്ലെന്നായിരിക്കുന്നു. കുറഞ്ഞ കാലം കൊണ്ട് സല്‍പേരും അതേപോലെതന്നെ ദുഷ്പേരും&amp;nbsp;സമ്പാധിച്ചവനാണ് ഇവന്‍. &lt;b&gt;മഹിന്ദ്ര&lt;/b&gt;യുടെ പ്രിയ പുത്രന്‍ '&lt;b&gt;ലോഡ്കിംഗ്‌ സൂപ്പര്‍&lt;/b&gt;'.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_-UN0cVOcDgc/Ss_zZZfWeHI/AAAAAAAAAMo/KVarFmOAllo/s1600-h/loadkingsuper_1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="167" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_-UN0cVOcDgc/Ss_zZZfWeHI/AAAAAAAAAMo/KVarFmOAllo/s320/loadkingsuper_1.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;കേരളത്തിലെ&amp;nbsp; റോഡുകളില്‍ ഏറ്റവും വേഗതയില്‍ ഏറ്റവും കൂടുതല്‍ ഓടുന്നത് കെ എസ് ആര്‍ ടി സി സൂപ്പര്‍ഫാസ്റ്റ് ബസ്സുകളൊന്നുമല്ല. ഇവന്മാരാണ്. സാധാരണ പഞ്ചായത്ത് റോഡുകള്‍&amp;nbsp;പൊളിച്ചടുക്കുന്നതും ഇവന്‍മാര്‍ തന്നെ.പാവം റോഡു കുമാരന്മാരുടെ ശരീരം&amp;nbsp;ന്തെരിച്ചു ചതച്ചുകൊണ്ട് ഇവന്‍മാര്‍ ഓടുന്ന ഓട്ടമുണ്ടല്ലോ കണ്ടാല്‍ സങ്കടം തോന്നും. പണ്ട് പുരാണത്തില്‍ ശ്രീ കൃഷ്ണന്‍ പോലും ഇങ്ങനെ ദ്രോഹിച്ചു കാണില്ല കാളിയനെ.!! എന്തായാലും ധാരാളം കുണ്ടും കുഴിയും കൊണ്ട് നിര്‍മിച്ചിട്ടുള്ള നമ്മുടെ റോഡുകളില്‍ കുണ്ടും കുഴിയും കഷ്ടിച്ച് തരണം ചെയ്തു പാവം മാരുതി ഓടിപ്പോകുമ്പോള്‍ പൊടിയിട്ടു അതിനെയും കൊന്നു ഇവന്മാര്‍ പോകുമ്പോള്‍ ആര്‍ക്കാണ് ഇത്രയും വായുഗുളിക അത്യാവശ്യം എന്ന് ചോദിക്കാറുണ്ട് നമ്മള്‍. ഇക്കണ്ട കുണ്ടും കുഴിയും സൃഷ്ടിക്കുന്നതും അത് വിപുലീകരിക്കുന്നതും ഇവര്‍&amp;nbsp;തന്നെയെന്നതില്‍ സംശയമില്ല ആര്‍ക്കും. അങ്ങിനെ ഇന്ന് ഇവന്മാര്‍ പാലുകൊടുത്ത കൈക്ക് തന്നെ കൊത്തി&amp;nbsp;തുടങ്ങിയിട്ടുണ്ട്. എല്ലാ അപകടങ്ങളിലും ഇന്നൊരു &lt;b&gt;ടിപ്പര്‍&lt;/b&gt; ഇല്ലാതിരിക്കാറില്ല. ഏത്&amp;nbsp;നരകത്തില്‍ ചെന്നാലും ഒരു&amp;nbsp;മലയാളി ഉണ്ടാകും എന്ന്&amp;nbsp; പറയുന്നത് പോലെ!!! &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;അത് കൊണ്ട് ഈ സത്പുത്രനെ നമുക്ക് വാഴ്ത്താം.&lt;/blockquote&gt;ഇവന്‍റെ സര്‍വ&amp;nbsp;ആരോഗ്യത്തിനും വേണ്ടി പ്രാര്‍ത്ഥിക്കാം....&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5729706317680322816-4952631520584125778?l=kaippizha.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://kaippizha.blogspot.com/feeds/4952631520584125778/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://kaippizha.blogspot.com/2009/10/blog-post_10.html#comment-form' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5729706317680322816/posts/default/4952631520584125778'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5729706317680322816/posts/default/4952631520584125778'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://kaippizha.blogspot.com/2009/10/blog-post_10.html' title='പാവം പാവം റോഡ്‌ കുമാരന്‍!!!!'/><author><name>SoorajmalayattiL</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01237437755053554836</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='30' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_-UN0cVOcDgc/TAFOYJQL4cI/AAAAAAAAAhc/HYr5Sk966TM/S220/soorajmalayattil.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_-UN0cVOcDgc/Ss_zZZfWeHI/AAAAAAAAAMo/KVarFmOAllo/s72-c/loadkingsuper_1.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5729706317680322816.post-8370649085417298978</id><published>2009-10-02T08:00:00.002+05:30</published><updated>2009-10-02T08:01:48.997+05:30</updated><title type='text'>പരിതപിക്കും ആ ആത്മാവ്</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_-UN0cVOcDgc/SsVluGh4wUI/AAAAAAAAALQ/12Fu8MkewDc/s1600-h/Mahatma_Gandhi_in_Type_by_Dencii.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_-UN0cVOcDgc/SsVluGh4wUI/AAAAAAAAALQ/12Fu8MkewDc/s320/Mahatma_Gandhi_in_Type_by_Dencii.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;"&gt;അതെ ആ ആത്മാവ് പരിതപിക്കും. സഹനത്തിന്‍റെ &amp;nbsp;ഹിമാലയങ്ങളില്‍ നിന്നും സ്വാതന്ത്ര്യത്തിന്‍റെ ഭാരതത്തിലെക്കുള്ള യാത്രയായിരുന്നല്ലോ ഗാന്ധിജിയുടെ ജീവിതം. സ്വന്തം മണ്ണില്‍ കണ്ടു മടുത്ത കടുത്ത ചൂഷണത്തിന്‍റെ അതേ കുരു ആഗോള താത്പര്യമാനെന്ന തിരിച്ചറിവില്‍ മോഹന്‍ദാസ്‌ കരംചന്ദ്‌ ഗാന്ധി ആരംഭിച്ച പ്രതിരോധ പ്രവര്‍ത്തനങ്ങള്‍ നാം ഭാരതീയര്‍ക്കു മറക്കാനാവില്ല.സ്വാതന്ത്ര്യ സമരത്തിന്‍റെ ഓരോ സ്ഥാപക ശിലകളും നമുക്ക് കാണാപ്പാഠം ആണെങ്കില്‍ കൂടിയും, അത് നാം അംഗനവാടികള്‍ മുതല്‍ പാടി പഠിക്കുന്നതാണെങ്കില്‍ കൂടിയും ഇന്ന് നമുക്ക് സ്വാതന്ത്ര്യത്തിന്‍റെ മഹത്വത്തെ കുറിച്ച് ഒന്നും അറിവില്ലെന്നായിരിക്കുന്നു. ഇന്ന് ഈ ഒക്ടോബര്‍ രണ്ടാം തീയതി ഞാന്‍ ഇതിനെക്കുറിച്ച്‌ വ്യാകുലനാകുന്നു. എനിക്ക് കൂടി മറ്റു ദിവസങ്ങളില്‍ ഇത്തരം ചിന്തകളില്ല. കാരണം, നാം ഒരു ലീഷര്‍ സമൂഹവും അതേ സമയം വെറും അണു കുടുംബങ്ങളും ആയി വിഭജിക്കപ്പെട്ടിരിക്കുന്നു.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;"&gt;ഗാന്ധിജി ഏത് കോളനി വത്കരനതിനെതിരെ പോരാടിയോ നേരിട്ടല്ലാതെ തന്നെയും&amp;nbsp;ഇന്നത്‌ സംഭവിച്ചിരിക്കുന്നു. മുതലാളിമാര്‍ നമ്മെ കാര്‍ന്നു തിന്നുന്നു. നാം അടിമകലായിരിക്കുന്നു.....&amp;nbsp;കുത്തകകളുടെ, രാഷ്ട്രീയത്തിന്‍റെ, സ്വന്തം&amp;nbsp;ആഗ്രഹ ത്വരയുടെയും തന്നെ!!!!. അവ നമ്മെ വിഭജിച്ച്‌ ഭരിക്കുന്നു. ഇന്ന് ഗാന്ധിജിക്ക് എന്താണ് പ്രസക്തി? ഏതു ഗാന്ധി ദര്‍ശനം നമുക്ക് തുണയായി ഭവിക്കും?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5729706317680322816-8370649085417298978?l=kaippizha.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://kaippizha.blogspot.com/feeds/8370649085417298978/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://kaippizha.blogspot.com/2009/10/blog-post.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5729706317680322816/posts/default/8370649085417298978'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5729706317680322816/posts/default/8370649085417298978'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://kaippizha.blogspot.com/2009/10/blog-post.html' title='പരിതപിക്കും ആ ആത്മാവ്'/><author><name>SoorajmalayattiL</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01237437755053554836</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='30' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_-UN0cVOcDgc/TAFOYJQL4cI/AAAAAAAAAhc/HYr5Sk966TM/S220/soorajmalayattil.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_-UN0cVOcDgc/SsVluGh4wUI/AAAAAAAAALQ/12Fu8MkewDc/s72-c/Mahatma_Gandhi_in_Type_by_Dencii.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5729706317680322816.post-2722477843095803527</id><published>2009-09-27T07:22:00.002+05:30</published><updated>2009-09-27T07:26:27.124+05:30</updated><title type='text'>ഓഷ്യന്‍സാറ്റ്‌</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;"&gt;ഒടുക്കം അതും ചെയ്തു. ഒരു ഓഷ്യന്‍സാറ്റ് കൂടി ഭ്രമണ പഥത്തിലെത്തി. വിജയം ,അദ്ഭുതം ,മഹാദ്ഭുതം അത്യാവശ്യത്തിനു പിടിച്ചുനില്‍ക്കാന്‍ ഇനി ഇപ്പൊ ഈ പേര് മതി. അല്ലെങ്കിലും പണ്ട് മുതല്‍ക്കേ പ്രശ്നങ്ങളാണ് ഐ എസ് ആര്‍ ഓക്ക്. ജീവിക്കാന്‍ പെടുന്ന പെടാപ്പാടുകളെ ഓര്‍ക്കാന്‍ കൂടി വയ്യ. പത്തു നാല്പതു വര്‍ഷം പിടിച്ചു നിന്നതെങ്ങിനെയാണെന്നു നമുക്കല്ലേ അറിയൂ. അതിനിടക്ക് എന്തെല്ലാം ഭൂകമ്പങ്ങള്‍.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;"&gt;പണ്ട് പല പ്രൊജക്റ്റ്‌കളും ഏറ്റെടുതത്തെ ഓര്‍മയുള്ളൂ. ഇപ്പൊ അതെല്ലാം അങ്ങ് അറബിക്കടലിലാണ്. ഒരു ഹോവേര്‍ക്രാഫ്റ്റ് ഇന്നും പൂവണിയാത്ത സ്വപ്നമായി തുടരുന്നു, പിന്നെ ഫുള്ളി ഓട്ടോമാറ്റെട് യുദ്ധ വിമാനം, ആണവ ആയുധങ്ങള്‍, .....അങ്ങിനെ അങ്ങിനെ എന്തെല്ലാം!!!!! ഇനി കുറെക്കാലത്തേക്ക് പേടിക്കാനില്ല ഓഷ്യന്‍സാറ്റ് കൊണ്ട് പിടിച്ചുനില്‍ക്കാം കുറ്റം പറയുന്നവന്റ്റെ &amp;nbsp;വായ അടക്കാം.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_-UN0cVOcDgc/Sr6-E7VPiiI/AAAAAAAAAK0/3bNo7WCYcgg/s1600-h/ocean.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_-UN0cVOcDgc/Sr6-E7VPiiI/AAAAAAAAAK0/3bNo7WCYcgg/s320/ocean.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px;"&gt;ഓഷ്യന്‍സാറ്റ്‌ &amp;nbsp;വിക്ഷേപിക്കാന്‍ പോകുന്നെന്നു കേട്ടപ്പോള്‍ മനസ്സില്‍ ഭയമായിരുന്നു. 110 കോടി ഇന്ത്യക്കാര്‍ ടാക്സ് കൊടുക്കുന്ന കോടികള്‍&amp;nbsp;ആണേ ആ പറക്കാന്‍ പോകുന്നത്. എങ്ങാനും അറബിക്കടലിലോട്ടു ഭ്രമണ പഥം തിരിഞ്ഞാലോ? ഹോ ആലോചിക്കാന്‍ കൂടി വയ്യ. പണ്ട് അതൊരു സ്ഥിരം ഏര്‍പ്പാടായിരുന്നല്ലോ,അയച്ച കുറെ റോക്കറ്റ്കള്‍ നമ്മള്‍ അറബിക്കടലില്‍ നിന്നാണല്ലോ വാരിയെടുത്തത്. മേലോട്ട് വെക്കുന്ന വെടികള്‍ പോലും ഇന്ത്യയില്‍ താഴോട്ട് പൊട്ടുന്ന സ്ഥിധിയാണല്ലോ. ആ ദുഷ്പേരും കൂടി ഈ ഒന്ന് കൊണ്ട് മാറിപ്പോകണം.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;"&gt;എന്തായാലും അത് പറ്റി. എടുസാറ്റും ഓഷ്യന്‍സാറ്റ്ഉം ഒക്കെക്കൂടി ആകെ മൊത്തത്തില്‍ ചന്ദമുള്ള&amp;nbsp;ഒരു&amp;nbsp; പേര് ഐ എസ് ആര്‍ ഓക്ക് വന്നു ചെര്‍ിട്ടുണ്ട്‌. കടലില്‍ കലക്കാന്‍ റോക്കറ്റ് വിടുന്നു എന്ന പേര് മാറിക്കിട്ടി. ഇനി മറ്റു പരീക്ഷണ നിരീക്ഷണങ്ങളില്‍ ശ്രദ്ധ കേന്ദ്രീകരിച്ചാല്‍ കുറേക്കൂടി മെച്ചപെടുകയും ആകാം.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px;"&gt;ഇനിയിപ്പോ നമ്മുടെ സയന്ടിസ്റ്റ് സ്വാമിമാര്‍ തെക്കില്‍ തെക്കൊട്ടൊരു വിക്ഷേപണപ്പുര &amp;nbsp;സ്ഥാപിച്ചത് ദേവനിഷ്ടായി അതിന്‍റെ പ്രതിഫലനമാണ് ഇപ്പൊ ഈ ഉപഗ്രഹങ്ങളെല്ലാം അങ്ങാകാശത്തെത്താന്‍ കാരണം എന്നെല്ലാം പറഞ്ഞു നടക്കുമോ ആവോ!!!!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;"&gt;എന്തായാലും &amp;nbsp;നമ്മള്‍ ഇന്ത്യക്കാരുടെ&amp;nbsp;ശനിദശ മാറിയെന്നു തോന്നുന്നു. അതാണല്ലോ ഇന്നിപ്പോ തിന്നാനും ഉടുക്കാനും ഒന്നും കിട്ടാനില്ലെങ്കിലും ആണവകരാറും ആസിയാന്‍ കരാറും റോക്കറ്റ്ഉം പീരങ്കിയും പെട്രോളും പിന്നെ സംയുക്ത നാവിക "അഭ്യാസങ്ങളും" എല്ലാം അടിക്കടി വന്നു ചേരുന്നത്.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;"&gt;എ പി ജെ അബ്ദുല്‍ കലാമിന് നന്ദി,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;നല്ലൊരു 'സ്വപ്നം കാണല്‍' അവബോധം&amp;nbsp;ഉണ്ടാക്കിയതിന്.....&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5729706317680322816-2722477843095803527?l=kaippizha.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://kaippizha.blogspot.com/feeds/2722477843095803527/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://kaippizha.blogspot.com/2009/09/blog-post_27.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5729706317680322816/posts/default/2722477843095803527'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5729706317680322816/posts/default/2722477843095803527'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://kaippizha.blogspot.com/2009/09/blog-post_27.html' title='ഓഷ്യന്‍സാറ്റ്‌'/><author><name>SoorajmalayattiL</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01237437755053554836</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='30' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_-UN0cVOcDgc/TAFOYJQL4cI/AAAAAAAAAhc/HYr5Sk966TM/S220/soorajmalayattil.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_-UN0cVOcDgc/Sr6-E7VPiiI/AAAAAAAAAK0/3bNo7WCYcgg/s72-c/ocean.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5729706317680322816.post-4866240097444597846</id><published>2009-09-21T06:57:00.063+05:30</published><updated>2009-09-21T07:39:05.621+05:30</updated><title type='text'>Laptop:ഒരു എലിക്കഥ</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;"&gt;പഴയ പുളുക്കഥ പോലെയല്ല ഇതൊരു എലിച്ചരിത്ര സ്മരനികയാണ്.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_-UN0cVOcDgc/Srbe942yIqI/AAAAAAAAAJs/i3xlV5sJT9g/s1600-h/lap.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_-UN0cVOcDgc/Srbe942yIqI/AAAAAAAAAJs/i3xlV5sJT9g/s200/lap.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;"&gt;രണ്ടു ദിവസം മുന്‍പാണ് പത്രങ്ങളില്‍ എല്ലാ ഹയര്‍ സെക്കന്‍ഡറി സ്കൂള്കള്‍ക്കും ഓരോ ലാപ്ടോപ് നല്‍കുന്നു എന്ന കേരള ഗവണ്മെന്റ്&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;പരസ്യം കണ്ടത്. ഇപ്പോള്‍ ലാപ്ടോപ്കള്‍ക്ക് നല്ല കാലമാണെന്ന് തോന്നുന്നു. തോട്ടിടതും പിടിച്ചിടതുമെല്ലാം ലാപ്ടോപ്പുകള്‍. ("ഇപ്പോളൊക്കെ ബസില്‍ കയറുമ്പോള്‍ പോലും കുറെ ലാപ്ടോപ് കിടുങ്ങാണികളെ കാണാം.പണ്ടിക്കൂട്ടര്‍ കാര്‍വിട്ട്&amp;nbsp;ഇറങ്ങുക പോലും വിരളം. നന്ദി! സാമ്പത്തിക മാന്ദ്യത്തിന്.")&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px;"&gt;അപ്പോള്‍ പറഞ്ഞുവന്നത് കേരള സര്‍ക്കാരിന്‍റെ ടെക്നിക്കല്‍ പ്രേമത്തെക്കുറിച്ച്.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_-UN0cVOcDgc/SrbfKnNmIhI/AAAAAAAAAJ0/nGpY5pLBcbY/s1600-h/rat.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_-UN0cVOcDgc/SrbfKnNmIhI/AAAAAAAAAJ0/nGpY5pLBcbY/s200/rat.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;ഒരാഴ്ച്ചയായിട്ടുണ്ടാവില്ല ന്താനും എന്‍റെ സുഹൃത്തുക്കളും ന്തങ്ങളുടെ സ്കൂള്‍ ലാബില്‍ നിന്നും വീണ്ടും എലിയെ പിടിച്ചു കൊന്നിട്ട്. ന്താന്‍ പഠിക്കുന്നത് പേരുകേട്ട ഒരു സര്‍വ്വകലാശാലയോട് ചേര്‍ന്ന "മോഡല്‍" ഗവണ്മെന്റ് സ്കൂളിലാണ്. അങ്ങിനെ പേരും പ്രശസ്തിയും കൊണ്ട് തലയുമുയര്‍ത്തി "ആരെടാ" എന്നും ചോദിച്ചു നില്‍ക്കുന്ന സ്കൂളിലെ സൂവോളജി ലാബില്‍ നിന്നും, മൈക്രോസ്കോപ്പിലും സ്പെസിമെനുകളിലും കയറി വികൃതികളും വിദ്യകളും അത്യാവശ്യത്തിനു 1&amp;nbsp;ഉം 2 ഉം ഒക്കെ നടത്തിക്കൊണ്ടിരുന്ന &amp;nbsp;വിദ്വാന്മാരില്‍ കുറച്ചു പേരെ ന്തങ്ങള്‍ ബയോളജി വിദ്യാര്‍തികള്‍ ബോണ്ടയും കൊപ്രയും ഒക്കെയുപയോഗിച്ചു വട്ടം കറക്കി പിടിച്ചു. തത്കാലം എലികളെ കീറുന്ന പഠനങ്ങള്‍ ഇല്ലാത്തതിനാല്‍ അവരെ ഒരു ബക്കറ്റ് വെള്ളം കൊണ്ട് കാലപുരിക്കയച്ചു.&amp;nbsp;പിന്നെ ആക്രമണം കമ്പ്യൂട്ടര്‍ ലാബിലായിരുന്നു. കുറെ മൗസ് കളെ നശിപ്പിച്ച "മൈസ്"കളെയും ന്തങ്ങളുടെ തന്ത്രപരമായ ഓപ്പറേഷന്‍ കൂട്ടിലിട്ടു പിടിച്ചു.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;"&gt;അങ്ങിനെ വിശ്രമിക്കുംബോഴാണ് പത്രത്തില്‍ ലാപ്ടോപ് പ്രഖ്യാപനം&amp;nbsp;കാണുന്നത്. നന്നായി, അതാകുമ്പോള്‍ കടിച്ചുപോട്ടിക്കാന്‍ എലി കുറച്ചു വിയര്‍ക്കുമല്ലോ, കൂടാതെ അതില്‍ കുറവുള്ള മൗസ് സ്കൂളില്‍ ഇഷ്ടം പോലെ അങ്ങോട്ടും ഇങ്ങോട്ടും ഓടുന്നുമുണ്ട്.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;"&gt;എന്തായാലും ഈ സര്‍ക്കാരിന്റെ&amp;nbsp;ബുദ്ധിയെ പ്രശംസിക്കാതിരിക്കാന്‍ പറ്റില്ല.ഇത്രയും തന്ത്രപരമായി പദ്ധതികള്‍ നടപ്പാക്കാന്‍ പഴയ ഈ എം എസ് സര്‍ക്കാരിന് പോലും കഴിഞ്ഞിട്ടില്ല. തത്കാലം സര്‍ക്കാരിന്‍റെ അടുത്ത പദ്ധതികള്‍ ഇങ്ങനെയുള്ളതാകാതിരിക്കുന്നതാണ് നല്ലത്. കാരണം നല്ല ഒരു കക്കൂസ് പോലും ഇല്ലാത്ത സ്കൂളുകള്‍ക്ക് ഫെനോയില്‍ കിട്ടിയിട്ട് എന്താണ് കാര്യം?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5729706317680322816-4866240097444597846?l=kaippizha.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://kaippizha.blogspot.com/feeds/4866240097444597846/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://kaippizha.blogspot.com/2009/09/laptop.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5729706317680322816/posts/default/4866240097444597846'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5729706317680322816/posts/default/4866240097444597846'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://kaippizha.blogspot.com/2009/09/laptop.html' title='Laptop:ഒരു എലിക്കഥ'/><author><name>SoorajmalayattiL</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01237437755053554836</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='30' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_-UN0cVOcDgc/TAFOYJQL4cI/AAAAAAAAAhc/HYr5Sk966TM/S220/soorajmalayattil.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_-UN0cVOcDgc/Srbe942yIqI/AAAAAAAAAJs/i3xlV5sJT9g/s72-c/lap.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>
